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Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-chips akhiqizwa izinkampani ze-semiconductor.Ngokuvamile, ama-chips ahlukaniswa ngokomsebenzi wawo.Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi isekethe ehlanganisiwe (IC) esetshenzisiwe.
Mayelana nomsebenzi, izigaba ezine eziyinhloko zama-semiconductors ama-memory chips, ama-microprocessors, ama-chip ajwayelekile, nezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ku-chip (SoC).Ngokohlobo lwesekethe edidiyelwe, ama-chips angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo ezintathu: ama-digital chips, ama-analog chips, nama-hybrid chips.
Ngokombono wokusebenza, ama-semiconductor memory chips agcina idatha nezinhlelo kumakhompyutha namadivayisi okugcina.
Ama-chips enkumbulo yokufinyelela okungahleliwe (i-RAM) ahlinzeka ngendawo yokusebenza yesikhashana, kuyilapho ama-flash memory chips agcina ulwazi unomphela (ngaphandle kwalapho esuliwe).Inkumbulo Yokufunda Kuphela (i-ROM) kanye nama-chips enkumbulo ehlelekayo yokufunda kuphela (PROM) awakwazi ukushintshwa.Ngokuphambene, inkumbulo efundeka kuphela ehlelekayo esulekayo (i-EPROM) kanye nama-chips ememori efundeka kuphela asuleleka ngogesi (EEPROM) ayabuyiseleka.
I-microprocessor iqukethe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu iyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi (CPUs).Amaseva ekhompyutha, amakhompyutha omuntu siqu (ama-PC), amaphilisi nama-smartphone angase abe namaphrosesa amaningi.
Ama-microprocessors angu-32-bit kanye ne-64-bit kuma-PC namaseva anamuhla asekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-chip x86, POWER, kanye ne-SPARC eyathuthukiswa emashumini eminyaka edlule.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadivaysi eselula afana nama-smartphones ngokuvamile asebenzisa i-ArM chip architecture.Ama-microprocessors anamandla amancane angu-8-bit, 16-bit, kanye nama-24-bit (abizwa ngokuthi ama-microcontrollers) asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni efana namathoyizi nezimoto.
Ngobuchwepheshe, iyunithi yokucutshungulwa kwezithombe (GPU) iyiprosesa encane ekwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezithombe ukuze ziboniswe kumadivayisi kagesi.Ethulwa emakethe evamile ngo-1999, ama-GPU aziwa ngokuletha izithombe ezibushelelezi ezilindelwe abathengi kuvidiyo yesimanje kanye nemidlalo.
Ngaphambi kokufika kwe-GPU ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, ukunikezwa kwezithombe kwenziwa yiyunithi yokucubungula emaphakathi (CPU).Uma isetshenziswa ngokuhambisana ne-CPU, i-GPU ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kwekhompuyutha ngokukhipha imisebenzi edinga insiza, njengokunikeza, kusukela ku-CPU.Lokhu kusheshisa ukucutshungulwa kohlelo lokusebenza ngoba i-GPU ingenza izibalo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.Lolu shintsho luphinde luvumele ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe ethuthuke kakhulu futhi edinga izinsiza kanye nemisebenzi efana nezimayini ze-cryptocurrency.
Amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe ezimbonini (CICs) ama-microcircuits alula asetshenziselwa ukwenza izinqubo zokucubungula eziphindaphindayo.Lawa ma-chips akhiqizwa ngevolumu ephezulu futhi avame ukusetshenziswa kumishini yenhloso eyodwa njengezikena zebhakhodi.Imakethe yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe wempahla ibonakala ngamamajini aphansi futhi ibuswa abakhiqizi abakhulu base-Asian semiconductor.Uma i-IC yenzelwe injongo ethile, ibizwa ngokuthi i-ASIC noma i-Application Specific Integrated Circuit.Isibonelo, izimayini ze-bitcoin namuhla zenziwa ngosizo lwe-ASIC, eyenza umsebenzi owodwa kuphela: izimayini.I-Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) enye i-IC ejwayelekile engenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo ekucacisweni komkhiqizi.
I-SoC (uhlelo ku-chip) ingenye yezinhlobo ezintsha zama-chips futhi ethandwa kakhulu ngabakhiqizi abasha.Ku-SoC, zonke izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezidingekayo kulo lonke uhlelo zakhelwe ku-chip eyodwa.Ama-SoC aguquguquka kakhulu kunama-microcontroller chips, ngokuvamile ahlanganisa i-CPU ne-RAM, i-ROM, kanye ne-input/output (I/O).Kuma-smartphones, ama-SoCs angaphinda ahlanganise ihluzo, amakhamera, nokucutshungulwa komsindo nevidiyo.Ukwengeza i-chip yokulawula kanye ne-radio chip kudala isisombululo se-three-chip.
Ngokuthatha indlela ehlukile yokuhlukanisa ama-chips, amaphrosesa amaningi esimanje asebenzisa amasekhethi edijithali.Lezi zifunda zivame ukuhlanganisa ama-transistors namasango anengqondo.Kwesinye isikhathi kuyengezwa i-microcontroller.Amasekhethi edijithali asebenzisa amasignali ahlukene edijithali, ngokuvamile asekelwe kumjikelezo kanambambili.Kunikezwe ama-voltages amabili ahlukene, ngalinye limelela inani elinengqondo elihlukile.
Ama-analog chips athathelwe indawo kakhulu (kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele) ama-digit chips.Ama-Power chips ngokuvamile ama-analog chips.Amasignali e-Wideband asadinga ama-IC analogi futhi asasetshenziswa njengezinzwa.Kumasekhethi e-analog, i-voltage ne-current ishintsha ngokuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezithile kusekethe.
Ama-IC we-Analog ngokuvamile ahlanganisa ama-transistors kanye nezingxenye ze-passive ezifana nama-inductors, ama-capacitor, nama-resistors.Ama-Analog IC athambekele kakhulu enomsindo noma izinguquko ezincane zamandla kagesi, ezingaholela emaphutheni.
Ama-semiconductors amasekhethi ayingxube ngokuvamile ama-IC edijithali anobuchwepheshe obuhambisanayo obusebenza ngawo womabili amasekhethi e-analog nedijithali.Izilawuli ezincane zingafaka isiguquli se-analog-to-digital (ADC) ukuze sixhumane nama-microcircuit e-analog njengezinzwa zokushisa.
Ngokuphambene, i-digital-to-analog converter (DAC) ivumela isilawuli esincane ukuthi sikhiqize ama-voltage e-analog ukuze sidlulise umsindo ngedivayisi ye-analog.
Imboni ye-semiconductor inenzuzo futhi inamandla, yenza izinto ezintsha kuzo zonke izingxenye eziningi zezimakethe zekhompuyutha neze-electronics.Ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinkampani zama-semiconductors ezikhiqiza njengama-CPU, ama-GPU, ama-ASIC angakusiza wenze izinqumo zokutshala izimali ezihlakaniphile nezinolwazi kakhulu kuwo wonke amaqembu emboni.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-29-2023