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Zimbini iindidi zeetshiphusi eziveliswe ziinkampani zesemiconductor.Ngokubanzi, iichips zihlelwa ngokomsebenzi wazo.Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha bahlulahlulwe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwisekethe edibeneyo (IC) esetyenzisiweyo.
Ngokumalunga nomsebenzi, iindidi ezine eziphambili ze-semiconductors ziyi-memory chips, i-microprocessors, ii-chips eziqhelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwi-chip (SoC).Ngokohlobo lwesekethe edibeneyo, iitshiphusi zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezintathu: iitshiphusi zedijithali, iitshiphusi ze-analog, kunye neechips ezixutyiweyo.
Ukususela kumbono wokusebenza, ii-chips zememori ze-semiconductor zigcina idatha kunye neenkqubo kwiikhomputha kunye nezixhobo zokugcina.
Imemori yokufikelela ngokungacwangciswanga (i-RAM) iitshiphusi zibonelela ngendawo yokusebenza yethutyana, ngelixa iitshiphusi zememori ekhanyayo zigcina ulwazi ngokusisigxina (ngaphandle kokuba icinyiwe).Funda kuphela Memory (ROM) kunye Programmable Funda kuphela Memory (PROM) chips ayinakuguqulwa.Ngokwahlukileyo, inkumbulo efundeka lula efundeka lula (EPROM) kunye nememori efundeka ngombane ecimayo yokufunda kuphela (EEPROM) iitshiphusi ziyathathela indawo.
I-microprocessor iqulethe enye okanye ngaphezulu kweeyunithi zokucubungula (CPUs).Iiseva zekhompyuter, iikhompyuter zobuqu (iiPC), iitafile kunye nee-smartphones zinokuba neeprosesa ezininzi.
I-32-bit kunye ne-64-bit microprocessors kwii-PC zanamhlanje kunye neeseva zisekelwe kwi-x86, AMANDLA, kunye ne-SPARC chip architectures ezaphuhliswa kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo.Kwelinye icala, izixhobo eziphathwayo ezinjengee-smartphones zihlala zisebenzisa uyilo lwe-chip ye-ARM.I-8-bit, i-16-bit, kunye ne-24-bit microprocessors (ebizwa ngokuba yi-microcontrollers) isetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezifana namathoyizi kunye nezithuthi.
Ngokobuchwephesha, iyunithi yokusetyenzwa kwemizobo (GPU) yimicroprocessor ekwaziyo ukubonelela ngemizobo ukuze iboniswe kwizixhobo zombane.Yaziswa kwimarike ngokubanzi ngo-1999, ii-GPU zaziwa ngokuzisa imizobo egudileyo elindelwe ngabathengi kwividiyo yanamhlanje kunye nemidlalo.
Ngaphambi kokufika kwe-GPU ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, ukunikezelwa kwemizobo kwenziwa yiyunithi yokucubungula ephakathi (CPU).Xa isetyenziswa ngokubambisana ne-CPU, i-GPU inokuphucula ukusebenza kwekhompyuter ngokukhuphela imisebenzi enzima kakhulu, njengokunikezela, kwi-CPU.Oku kukhawulezisa ukusetyenzwa kwesicelo kuba iGPU inokwenza izibalo ezininzi ngexesha elinye.Olu tshintsho lukwavumela uphuhliso lwesoftware ethe kratya kunye ne-resource-intensive kunye nemisebenzi efana nemigodi ye-cryptocurrency.
Iisekethe ezidibeneyo ze-Industrial (CICs) zi-microcircuits ezilula ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iinkqubo zokuphindaphinda.Ezi chips ziveliswa ngomthamo ophezulu kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zenjongo enye ezifana nezikena zebhakhowudi.Imakethi yeesekethe ezidityanisiweyo zentengiso ibonakaliswe yimida ephantsi kwaye ilawulwa ngabavelisi abakhulu be-semiconductor baseAsia.Ukuba i-IC yenzelwe injongo ethile, ibizwa ngokuba yi-ASIC okanye i-Application Specific Integrated Circuit.Ngokomzekelo, i-bitcoin mining namhlanje yenziwa ngoncedo lwe-ASIC, eyenza umsebenzi omnye kuphela: imigodi.I-Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) yenye i-IC esemgangathweni enokuthi yenziwe ngokwezifiso zomenzi.
I-SoC (inkqubo kwi-chip) yenye yezona ntlobo zintsha zeetshiphusi kwaye zithandwa kakhulu ngabavelisi abatsha.Kwi-SoC, onke amacandelo e-elektroniki afunekayo kwinkqubo yonke yakhelwe kwitshiphu enye.Ii-SoCs ziguquguquka ngakumbi kune-microcontroller chips, ezihlala zidibanisa i-CPU kunye ne-RAM, i-ROM, kunye ne-input/output (I/O).Kwii-smartphones, ii-SoCs zinokudibanisa imizobo, iikhamera, kunye neaudio kunye nevidiyo.Ukongeza i-chip yokulawula kunye ne-radio chip yenza isisombululo se-three-chip.
Ukuthatha indlela eyahlukileyo yokuhlela iitshiphusi, uninzi lweeprosesa zekhompyuter zanamhlanje zisebenzisa iisekethe zedijithali.Ezi zijikelezo zihlala zidibanisa ii-transistors kunye namasango e-logic.Ngamanye amaxesha i-microcontroller yongezwa.Iisekethe zedijithali zisebenzisa imiqondiso yedijithali, ngokuqhelekileyo isekelwe kwisekethe yokubini.Iivoltage ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zabelwe, nganye imele ixabiso elahlukileyo lengqiqo.
Iitshiphusi ze-analog ziye zatshintshwa kakhulu (kodwa hayi ngokupheleleyo) endaweni yazo ziitshiphusi zedijithali.Iitshiphusi zamandla zihlala zizitshiphu ze-analog.Iimpawu zeWideband zisafuna i-analog ICs kwaye zisasetyenziswa njengezoluvo.Kwiisekethe ze-analog, i-voltage kunye ne-current itshintsha ngokuqhubekayo kwiindawo ezithile kwisekethe.
Ii-ICs ze-Analog zibandakanya ii-transistors kunye ne-passive components ezifana ne-inductors, i-capacitors, kunye ne-resistors.Ii-IC ze-Analog zithandwa kakhulu kwingxolo okanye utshintsho oluncinci lombane, olunokukhokelela kwiimpazamo.
I-semiconductors yeesekethe ezixutyiweyo ziqhelekile zii-ICs zedijithali ezinobuchwepheshe obuhambelanayo obusebenza kuzo zombini iisekethe ze-analog kunye nedijithali.I-Microcontrollers inokubandakanya i-analog-to-digital converter (ADC) kwi-interface kunye ne-analog microcircuits ezifana nezinzwa zobushushu.
Ngokwahlukileyo, i-digital-to-analog converter (DAC) ivumela i-microcontroller ukuba ivelise i-analog voltages ukuhambisa i-audio ngesixhobo se-analog.
Ishishini lesemiconductor linengeniso kwaye liyaguquguquka, livelisa izinto ezintsha kuwo onke amacandelo amaninzi eemarike zekhompuyutha neze-elektroniki.Ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zeenkampani ze-semiconductors ezivelisa njenge-CPU, ii-GPU, ii-ASICs zinokukunceda wenze izigqibo zotyalo-mali ezikrelekrele kunye nolwazi oluthe chatha kuwo onke amaqela amashishini.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-29-2023