Njengabanye abaninzi abayilwayo kwimbali, iibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo (PCB)njengoko sisazi namhlanje kusekwe kwinkqubela phambili eyenziwe kuyo yonke imbali.Kwikona yethu encinci yehlabathi, sinokulanda imbali yeePCB emva kweminyaka engaphezulu kwe-130, xa oomatshini abakhulu behlabathi babesaqala ukuqalisa.Yintoni esiya kuyigubungela kule bhlog asiyiyo imbali epheleleyo, kodwa amaxesha abalulekileyo aguqule iPCB ibe yinto ekhoyo namhlanje.
Kutheni iPCB?
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ii-PCBs ziye zavela zaba sisixhobo sokuphucula ukwenziwa kweemveliso zombane.Into ebikade ilula ukuyidibanisa ngesandla yakhawuleza yanikezela ngamacandelo amancinci afuna ukuchaneka koomatshini kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.Thatha iibhodi ezimbini eziboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi njengomzekelo.Enye yibhodi endala esuka koo-1960 yeekhaltyhuleyitha.Enye ibhodi yebhodi yoxinaniso ephezulu oza kuyibona kwiikhompyuter zanamhlanje.
Uthelekiso lwePCB phakathi kwekhaltyhuleyitha ka-1968 kunye neebhodi zoomama zanamhlanje.
Kwikhaltyhuleyitha sinokuba ne-30+ transistors, kodwa kwi-chip enye kwi-motherboard uya kufumana ngaphezulu kwesigidi se-transistors.Inqaku lilo, izinga lenkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji kunye noyilo lwePCB ngokwalo luyamangalisa.Yonke into ekwi-PCB yesibali-manani ngoku inokungena kwitshiphu enye kuyilo lwanamhlanje.Oku kutsalela ingqalelo kwiindlela ezininzi eziphawulekayo zokwenziwa kwePCB:
Sidibanisa ngakumbi ukusebenza kwizixhobo eziphambili ezifana neesekethe ezidibeneyo (ICs) kunye ne-microprocessors.
Sicutha izinto ezingenzi nto ezifana nezixhasi kunye neecapacitors ukuya kumgangatho wemicroscopic.
Konke oku kukhokelela ekwandeni koxinzelelo lwecandelo kunye nobunzima kwiibhodi zethu zesekethe.
Zonke ezi nkqubela phambili ziqhutywa ikakhulu kukuphuculwa kwesantya kunye nokusebenza kweemveliso zethu.Silindele ukuba izixhobo zethu ziphendule ngoko nangoko, nokuba imizuzwana embalwa yokulibaziseka inokusiqhubela kwisiphithiphithi.Ukuze usebenze, qwalasela imidlalo yevidiyo.Emuva kwi-80s, mhlawumbi udlale i-Pac-Man kwi-arcade.Ngoku sibona ukumelwa kwefotoreal yokwenyani.Inkqubela phambili iphambene.
Imifanekiso yomdlalo wevidiyo iphantse yafana nobomi kule mihla.
Kucacile ukuba ii-PCB zivele ngokuphendula ngokuthe ngqo kwinto esiyilindeleyo kwizixhobo zethu.Sifuna iimveliso ezikhawulezayo, ezinexabiso eliphantsi, ezinamandla ngakumbi, kwaye ekuphela kwendlela yokuhlangabezana nezi mfuno kukwenza kancinci kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso.Kuqale nini oku kuchuma kwe-elektroniki kunye neePCB?Ekuqalekeni kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo.
Ubudala beGolded (1879-1900)
Sayiphelisa iMfazwe yaseMelika kwiminyaka yoo-60s, kwaye ngoku imveliso yaseMelika iyakhula.Okwangoku, senza okusemandleni ethu, ukusuka ekutyeni ukuya kwiimpahla, ifenitshala kunye neentsimbi.Ishishini lokuthumela ngenqanawa liyakhubekisa, kwaye iinjineli zethu ezinkulu zicinga indlela yokufumana umntu ukusuka kunxweme olusempuma ye-US ukuya kunxweme olusentshona nge-5 ukuya kwiintsuku ze-7 endaweni ye-5 ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-7.
Oololiwe benza uhambo olusuka kolunxwemeni lusiya elunxwemeni luthabatha iintsuku endaweni yeenyanga.
Ngeli xesha, sasizisa nombane emakhayeni, okokuqala ezidolophini saza saya kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni nasezilalini.Umbane ngoku uthabathel’ indawo amalahle, iinkuni kunye neoli.Cinga ngokuhlala eNew York ebudeni bobusika obuqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo, uzama ukupheka okanye ukuzifudumeza ngamalahle amdaka okanye imfumba yeenkuni.Umbane wayitshintsha yonke loo nto.
Inqaku elinomdla kukuba i-Standard Oil, elawula imarike yeoli, ayiboneleli ngeoyile yepetroli.Imarike yabo yioli yokupheka, ukuqhotsa nokukhanyisa.Ngokufika kombane, i-Standard Oil idinga ukucacisa ukusetyenziswa okutsha kweoli, eya kuza kunye nokuqaliswa kwemoto.
NgoMeyi ka-1878, i-Standard Oil Company yakhupha isitokhwe, kwaye i-oil monopoly yaqala.
Ngexesha leXesha Eliqhelekileyo sabona izinto ezintle ezifunyenweyo kwi-electromagnetism.Sayila injini yombane, eguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla omatshini.Kwakhona sibona iijenereyitha, ezenza okuchaseneyo ngokuguqula amandla omatshini abe ngamandla ombane.
Ibikwalixesha labaqambi abakrelekrele abasenempembelelo kwihlabathi lethu le-elektroniki namhlanje, kubandakanya:
UThomas Edison wasungula ibhalbhu yesibane ngo-1879, imuvi ngo-1889, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezintsha.
U-Nikola Tesla wasungula injini yombane kwi-1888 kunye nomthombo wamandla we-AC kwi-1895.
UAlexander Graham Bell wasungula ifowuni ngo-1876.
I-Kodak kaGeorge Eastman yenza ikhamera yokuqala yabathengi ngo-1884.
UHerman Hollerith wasungula umatshini wokwenza iitheyibhile ngo-1890 kwaye waqhubeka wafumana i-IBM.
Ngeli xesha linzima lokuqamba izinto ezintsha, enye yeengxoxo ezinkulu kukuba phakathi kwe-AC kunye ne-DC.I-alternating current kaTesla ekugqibeleni yaba yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokuhambisa amandla kumgama omde.Okubangela umdla kukuba, nangona kunjalo, sisajongana nokuguqulwa kwe-AC-DC namhlanje.
I-AC inokuba iphumelele idabi, kodwa i-DC isalawula i-elektroniki.
Jonga nasiphi na isixhobo sombane osiplaga eludongeni, kufuneka uguqule iAC ibe yiDC.Okanye, ukuba ujonga iziseko ezifunekayo kwiipaneli zelanga, zivelisa umbane kwi-DC, ekufuneka iguqulwe ibuyele kwi-AC njengomthombo wamandla, kwaye ibuyele kwi-DC ukuze izixhobo zethu zisebenzise.Ungaphantse uthi ingxoxo ye-AC-DC ayizange iphele, ibhalansi yayisandul 'ukubetha phakathi kweengcamango ezimbini eziphikisanayo.
Kukho umva naphambili phakathi kwe-AC kunye ne-DC kwiphaneli yelanga.
Qaphela ukuba umbono wokuqala wePCB awuzange uyilwe kwiGold Age.Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwesakhono sokuvelisa eli xesha, kunye nempembelelo ebanzi yombane, iiPCB azinakuze zibe yile nto ziyiyo namhlanje.
Ixesha eliqhubela phambili (1890-1920)
I-Progressive Era yaphawulwa ngexesha lohlaziyo lwentlalo, kunye nomthetho ofana noMthetho we-Sherman Antitrust owaphula ukulawulwa kwe-Standard Oil.Oku kwakhona xa sibona iipatent zokuqala zePCB.Ngo-1903, umqambi waseJamani u-Albert Hanson wafaka isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza laseBritani kwisixhobo esichazwa njengomqhubi wefoyile ecaba kwibhodi yokugquma i-multilayer.Ivakala iqhelekile?
Umzobo obonisa ipatent yokuqala yePCB ka-Albert Hanson.
UHansen ukwachaza ingqikelelo yosetyenziso lomngxuma kwipatent yakhe.Apha ubonisa ukuba unako ukubhoboza umngxuma kwimigangatho emibini enemigca ethe nkqo ukwenza uqhagamshelo lombane.
Ngeli xesha, saqala ukubona u-Edison kunye nezinye iinkokeli zoshishino zenza i-push enkulu ukuzisa izixhobo zombane kumakhaya emihla ngemihla.Ingxaki ngolu tyhalo kukunqongophala ngokupheleleyo komgangatho.Ukuba ubuhlala eNew York okanye eNew Jersey kwaye usebenzisa umbane owenziwe nguEdison ekukhanyiseni, ekufudumezweni okanye ekuphekeni, bekuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ubuwusebenzisa kwesinye isixeko?Azinakusetyenziswa kuba idolophu nganye inokwakheka kwayo kwesokhethi.
Ingxaki yenziwa mbi nangakumbi kukuba uEdison wayengafuni nje ukuthengisela abantu ibhalbhu, wayefuna nokuthengisa inkonzo.U-Edison unokukubonelela ngenkonzo yombane qho ngenyanga;emva koko ubuya kuthenga iibhalbhu zokukhanya, izixhobo zombane, njl.
Sifuna ukubulela uHarvey Hubbel ekugqibeleni aphelise lo monakalo.Ngomnyaka we-1915, unelungelo elilodwa lomenzi weplagi yesokhethi yodonga esetyenziswayo namhlanje.Ngoku asinayo ithowusta okanye ipleyiti eshushu efakwe kwisokethi yeglowubhu yesibane.Olu luloyiso olukhulu lomgangatho woshishino.
Enkosi kuHarvey Hubbel, ngoku sinendawo eludongeni esemgangathweni yazo zonke izixhobo zombane.
Njengenqaku lokugqibela, i-Progressive Era yaphawulwa yiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Olu ngquzulwano lugxile kuphela kwiimechs kunye ne-trench warfare.Ingqikelelo ye-PCB, okanye i-electronics esisiseko, ayisetyenziswanga kwizicelo zomkhosi okwangoku, kodwa iya kuba njalo.
Ukugquma kwamashumi amabini (1920s)
Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ngoku sikwiminyaka yamashumi amabini egqumayo, eyathi yabona ukuchuma okukhulu kuqoqosho lwaseMerika.Okokuqala embalini, abantu abaninzi bahlala ezidolophini kunasezifama.Sikwaqala ukubona amatyathanga kunye neempawu ziziswa kulo lonke elase-US.Unokuba nevenkile yosapho okanye ezimbini kwiidolophu ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngoku sineempawu ezinkulu kunye neevenkile ezihamba kwilizwe lonke.
Eyona nto yayiyilwe ngeli xesha yayiyimoto kaHenry Ford kunye neziseko ezifunekayo.Imeko ifana neye-1990, xa kwafuneka ukuba sakhe isiseko esikhulu sokujongana ne-intanethi kunye neminyaka yethu yolwazi ngokwakha iiswitshi, ii-routers, kunye neentambo ze-fiber optic.Iimoto azinjalo.
Imoto yokuqala kaHenry Ford – enamavili amane.
Apha sibona into eyayikhe yayindlela yomhlaba egangathiweyo.Abantu babefuna ipetroli ukuze basebenzise izithuthi zabo, ngenxa yoko kwakufuneka amaziko epetroli.Ukwanayo neevenkile zokulungisa, izincedisi kunye nokunye.Indlela abantu abaninzi abaphila ngayo yaqala ekuyilweni kweemoto, ibe isenjalo nanamhlanje.
Kukwangelo xesha apho siye sabona ukungeniswa kwezixhobo zala maxesha sisaxhomekeke kuzo nanamhla oku, ezinje ngoomatshini bokuhlamba impahla, oomatshini bokucoca kunye neefriji.Ngexesha lokuqala, abantu baya kukwazi ukuthenga izinto ezinokonakala ezivenkileni kwaye bazigcine ubomi obude beshelufu.
Kodwa ziphi iiPCB zethu?Asikaziboni zisetyenziswa nakwesiphi na isixhobo okanye iimoto eziqaliswe ngeli xesha.Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1925, uCharles Ducasse wafaka i-patent echaza inkqubo yokongeza i-inki eqhubayo kwizinto zokukhusela.Oku kuya kuthi kamva kubangele ibhodi yocingo eprintiweyo (PWB).Le patent sisicelo sokuqala esisebenzayo esifana nePCB, kodwa kuphela njengeplani yokufudumeza ikhoyili.Asikabikho naluphi na uqhagamshelo lombane lokwenyani phakathi kwebhodi kunye nezixhobo okwangoku, kodwa siyasondela.
I-PCB yaqhubeka iguquka, ngeli xesha isetyenziswa njengekhoyili yokufudumeza kaCharles Ducas.
Uxinzelelo olukhulu (1930s)
Ngo-1929, i-stock market yahla, kwaye zonke izinto ezintsha ezintsha zexesha lethu zehla.Apha sibona ixesha lokungabikho kwemisebenzi ngaphezu kwe-25%, ukusilela kweebhanki ezingama-25,000, kunye neengxaki ezininzi kwihlabathi jikelele.Yayilixesha elibuhlungu kuluntu luphela, lihlahl’ indlela yokuvela kukaHitler, uMussolini, uStalin, nongquzulwano lwethu lwehlabathi lwexesha elizayo.I-PCB inokuba ibithe cwaka kude kube ngoku, kodwa yonke loo nto iza kutshintsha.
Uxinzelelo olukhulu lwachaphazela wonke umntu, ukusuka kwiibhanki ukuya kubasebenzi abaqhelekileyo.
IMfazwe Yehlabathi II (1939-1945)
IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiqhubeka, yaye iUnited States yangenelela kungquzulwano emva kokuqhushumbiswa kweZibuko iPearl ngowe-1942. Eyona nto ibangela umdla ngePearl Harbour kuko konke ukusilela konxibelelwano okwakhokelela kuhlaselo.I-US yayinobungqina obuhle bentlekele ezayo, kodwa zonke iindlela zokunxibelelana nesiseko sabo somkhosi e-Honolulu azizange ziphumelele, kwaye isiqithi sabanjwa singalindelanga.
Ngenxa yolu kusilela, i-DoD yaqonda ukuba idinga iindlela ezithembekileyo zonxibelelwano.Oku kwazisa i-elektroniki kwindawo yokuqala njengeyona ndlela yonxibelelwano ithatha indawo yekhowudi yeMorse.
Kwakusebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II apho sabona ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwee-PCBs kwi-fuses esinayo namhlanje.Isixhobo sisetyenziselwa iiprojectiles zesantya esiphezulu ezifuna umlilo ochanekileyo othe qelele esibhakabhakeni okanye emhlabeni.I-proximity fuze yaqala yaphuhliswa yiBritane ukuchasana nokuqhubela phambili komkhosi kaHitler.Kwabelwana kamva kunye ne-United States apho uyilo kunye nokuveliswa kwagqitywa.
Esinye sezicelo zokuqala zasemkhosini zokusebenzisa ii-PCB yayiyi-fuses ekufutshane.
Ngeli xesha, sasiphinde sibe noPaul Eisler, wase-Austrian ohlala e-UK, i-patenting copper foil kwi-non-conductive glass substrate.Ivakala iqhelekile?Lo ngumbono sisawusebenzisa namhlanje ukwenza ii-PCB ngokugquma kunye nobhedu phezulu/ezantsi.U-Eisler wathatha le ngcamango inyathelo eliya phambili xa wakha unomathotholo kwi-PCB yakhe ngo-1943, eyayiza kuvula indlela yezicelo zomkhosi zexesha elizayo.
UPaul Eisler wakha unomathotholo kwibhodi yesekethe yokuqala eprintiweyo (PCB).
I-Baby Boomers (1940s)
Njengoko iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayisondela esiphelweni, sabona amajoni ethu esiza ekhaya, eqala iintsapho, kwaye eneqela lonke labantwana.Cela abantwana ababhudayo.Kwakungexesha lasemva kwemfazwe apho sabona ukuphucuka okukhulu kwezixhobo ezikhoyo ezifana nezicoci, oomatshini bokuhlamba, oomabonakude nonomathotholo.Ngoku ukuba ukudodobala okukhulu kwezoqoqosho kusemva kwethu, abathengi abaninzi banokufikelela ekugqibeleni ezi zixhobo kumakhaya abo.
Asikaziboni iiPCBs zebakala labathengi.Iphi imisebenzi kaPaul Eisler?Jonga kule TV endala ingezantsi kwaye uya kubona onke amacandelo, kodwa ngaphandle kwesiseko PCB esisiseko.
I-Motorola TV endala esuka kwi-1948, akukho PCB.
Nangona ukungabikho kwe-PCBs, sabona ukufika kwe-transistor kwi-Bell Labs ngo-1947. Kwathatha enye iminyaka emithandathu kwi-1953 ngaphambi kokuba isixhobo sisetyenziswe ekugqibeleni kwimveliso, kodwa kutheni ixesha elide kangaka?Ngaloo mihla, ulwazi lwalusasazwa ngeejenali, iinkomfa, njl.
I-transistor yokuqala yazalwa kwi-Bell Laboratories ngo-1947.
Ixesha leMfazwe ebandayo (1947-1991)
Ukufika kwexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo kwaphawula ixesha elikhulu lengxwabangxwaba phakathi kweUnited States neSoviet Union.Ngenxa yeyantlukwano phakathi kobukapitali nobukomanisi, ezi zigebenga zimbini ziphantse zasilwa kwaye ziye zabeka ihlabathi phantsi kwesisongelo sembubhiso yenyukliya.
Ukuze ahlale phambili kolu gqatso lwezixhobo, omabini amacala kufuneka aphucule amandla awo okunxibelelana ukuze aqonde into eyenziwa lutshaba.Apha sibona i-PCB isetyenziselwa amandla ayo apheleleyo.Ngowe-1956, uMkhosi wase-US wapapasha ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza "yenkqubo yendibano yesiphaluka."Abavelisi ngoku banendlela yokubamba bobabini i-elektroniki kwaye benze unxibelelwano phakathi kwamacandelo anemikhondo yobhedu.
Njengoko ii-PCBs zaziqalisa ukuvela kwilizwe lemveliso, sazifumana sikugqatso lokuqala lwehlabathi.IRashiya iye yanempumelelo engummangaliso ngeli xesha, kuquka:
Ngo-1957 Ukuqaliswa kwesathelayithi yokuqala eyenziweyo, iSputnik
Ngo-1959 Ukuphehlelelwa kweLuna 2, isiphekepheke sokuqala ukuya eNyangeni
Ngowe-1961 uYuri Gagarin, i-cosmonaut yokuqala, wathunyelwa ukuba ajikeleze uMhlaba
Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziweyo yaseRashiya, iSputnik, yasungulwa ngo-1957.
Iphi iMelika kuyo yonke le nto?Ikakhulu isalela ngasemva, ihlala ithatha unyaka okanye emibini ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji efanayo.Ukujongana nesi sikhewu, sibona uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwase-US lukhula ngokuphindwe kahlanu ngo-1960. Sikwanayo nentetho edumileyo kaMongameli uKennedy ka-1962, inxalenye yayo ekufanele ukuba siyicaphule:
“Sikhetha ukuya enyangeni!Sikhetha ukuya enyangeni ukuze senze ezinye izinto kule minyaka ilishumi, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba zilula, kodwa ngenxa yokuba zinzima;kuba le njongo iya kunceda ukulungelelanisa kunye nokulinganisa amandla ethu kunye nezakhono zethu ezingcono, ngenxa yokuba le mingeni yile nto sizimisele ukuyithatha, into esingazimiselanga ukuyihlehlisa, kwaye yintoni esizimisele ukuyiphumelela. "– UJohn F. Kennedy, uMongameli waseUnited States, ngoSeptemba 12, 1962
Konke oku kwakhokelela kwixesha elibalulekileyo embalini.NgoJulayi 20, 1969, indoda yokuqala yaseMelika yafika enyangeni.
Umntu wokuqala enyangeni, umzuzu oyimbali kuluntu.
Ukubuyela emva kwii-PCBs, ngo-1963 saba ne-patent ye-Hazeltyne Corporation yokuqala efakwe kwitekhnoloji yomngxuma.Oku kuya kuvumela amacandelo ukuba apakishwe ngokusondeleyo kunye kwi-PCB ngaphandle kokukhathazeka malunga nokuqhagamshelana.Siphinde sabona ukuqaliswa kwe-Surface Mount Technology (SMT), ephuhliswe yi-IBM.Ezi ndibano zixineneyo zabonwa okokuqala ekusebenzeni kwi-rocket booster ye-Saturn.
Ngo-1967 Ipatent yokuqala yobuchwepheshe bePCB yomngxuma.
Ukusa kweMicroprocessor (1970s)
I-70s yasizisela i-microprocessor yokuqala ngendlela yesekethe edibeneyo (IC).Oku kwaphuhliswa ekuqaleni nguJack Kilby waseTexas Instruments ngo-1958. U-Kilby wayemtsha kwi-TI, ngoko ke iingcamango zakhe ezintsha ze-ICs zazigcinwe phantsi kwee-wraps.Nangona kunjalo, xa iinjineli eziphezulu ze-TI zithunyelwa kwintlanganiso yeveki, u-Kilby wasala ngasemva waza wagijima kunye neengcamango entloko yakhe.Apha, waphuhlisa i-IC yokuqala kwiilebhu ze-TI, kwaye iinjineli ezibuyayo zayithanda.
UJack Kilby ubambe isekethe yokuqala edibeneyo.
Ngeminyaka yee-1970, sabona ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwee-ICs kwimveliso yombane.Okwangoku, ukuba awusebenzisi iPCB kunxibelelwano lwakho, usengxakini enkulu.
Dawn of the Digital Age (1980s)
Ubudala bedijithali buzise utshintsho olukhulu kwimidiya esiyidlayo, ngokungeniswa kwezixhobo zomntu ezifana neediski, i-VHS, iikhamera, i-consoles yemidlalo, i-walkmans, kunye nokunye.
Ngo-1980, ikhonsoli yomdlalo wevidiyo ye-Atari yenza ukuba amaphupha abantwana abe yinyaniso.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iiPCB zazisazotywa ngesandla zisebenzisa iibhodi ezikhanyayo kunye neestencil, kodwa emva koko iikhompyuter kunye ne-EDA zeza.Apha sibona isoftware ye-EDA efana neProtel kunye ne-EAGLE ziguqula indlela esiyila kunye nokwenza izinto zombane.Endaweni yefoto yePCB, ngoku sinokugcina uyilo njengefayile yombhalo weGerber, olungelelwaniso olunokufakwa kumatshini wokwenza ukuvelisa iPCB.
Ixesha le-Intanethi (1990s)
Kwiminyaka ye-90, sabona ukusetyenziswa kwe-silicon kungena ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuqaliswa kwe-BGA.Ngoku sinokufaka amasango amaninzi kwi-chip enye kwaye siqale ukubethelela imemori kunye neenkqubo-kwi-chip (SoCs) kunye.Eli yayilixesha le-miniaturization ephezulu ye-elektroniki.Asibonanga naziphi na izinto ezintsha ezongeziweyo kwi-PCB, kodwa yonke inkqubo yoyilo yaqala ukutshintsha kwaye yavela, isiya kwi-IC.
Ngoku abaqulunqi kufuneka baphumeze izicwangciso zoyilo lovavanyo (i-DFT) kuyilo lwabo.Akulula ukwenza icandelo kwaye wongeze umgca oluhlaza.Iinjineli kufuneka ziyile iiplani zazo zicinga ngokuphinda ziphinde zenziwe kwakhona.Ngaba zonke ezi nxalenye zibekwe ngendlela yokuba zibe nokususwa ngokulula?Le yinkxalabo enkulu.
Yayilixesha apho iipakethe zecandelo elincinci njenge-0402 zenza i-soldering yesandla yeebhodi zesekethe phantse ayinakwenzeka.Umyili ngoku uhlala kwisoftware yakhe ye-EDA kwaye umenzi unoxanduva lokuvelisa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nendibano.
Amalungu okunyuka komphezulu ukusuka kwenkulu ukuya kwencinci.
Ixesha leHybrid (2000s nangaphaya)
Sika kwixesha lanamhlanje lobugcisa kunye noyilo lwePCB;into esiyibiza ngokuba lixesha lomxube.Ngaphambili, besinezixhobo ezininzi zeemfuno ezininzi.Udinga isixhobo sokubala;uthenga isixhobo sokubala.Ufuna ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo;uthenga ikhonsoli yomdlalo wevidiyo.Ngoku unokuthenga i-smartphone kwaye ufumane imigangatho engama-30 eyahlukeneyo yezinto ezakhelwe ngaphakathi.Oku kunokubonakala kucacile, kodwa kuyothusa kakhulu xa ubona zonke izinto ezinokwenziwa zii-smartphones zethu:
izixhobo zokudlala incwadi yedilesi ye-imeyile ibhakhowudi iskena isibane isibane intsimbi navigation camera
Ishedyuli yomdlali womculo Imephu yeVCR yemephu yesikhangeli se-Intanethi yekhalenda yesidlali-bhanyabhanya sokubala
Umnxeba wamanqaku eencwadana zamatikiti umatshini wokuphendula Umyalezo omfutshane Iincwadi zebhanki
Sikwixesha lokudityaniswa kwezixhobo, kodwa yintoni elandelayo?PCBs zisekiwe kwaye sineenkqubo kunye neenkqubo phantse yonke into.Ukusetyenziswa kwesantya esiphezulu kuba yinto eqhelekileyo.Kwakhona sibona ukuba kuphela i-25% yabaqulunqi be-PCB abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-45 ubudala, ngelixa i-75% ilungiselela umhlalaphantsi.Ishishini libonakala likwixesha lobunzima.
Ngaba ikamva loyilo lwePCB liya kuba ziirobhothi?Mhlawumbi kwi-wearable ne-flex circuit?Okanye sinokubona iiprotons zithatha indawo yee-electron ngeefotonics.Ngokubhekiselele kwinto esiyaziyo malunga neePCBs zomzimba, ezinokuthi zitshintshe nakwixesha elizayo.Akukho mfuneko yesixhobo somzimba sokwenza unxibelelwano phakathi kwamacandelo, kodwa kunokubakho ubuchwephesha beteknoloji yamaza.Oku kuya kuvumela amalungu ukuba athumele imiqondiso ngaphandle kwamacingo ngaphandle kwesidingo sobhedu.
Liya kuba njani ikamva?
Akukho mntu uyazi ngokwenene ukuba ikamva loyilo lwePCB, okanye i-elektroniki ngokubanzi, lisingise phi.Sele kusondele iminyaka eli-130 ukusukela oko izihlunu zethu zokuvelisa zaqala ukusebenza.Ukusukela ngoko, umhlaba utshintshe ngonaphakade ngokungeniswa kweemveliso eziphambili ezinjengeemoto, izixhobo zombane, iikhompyuter, ii-smartphones, kunye nokunye.Zimnkile iintsuku apho sasixhomekeke kumalahle, amaplanga okanye i-oyile kuzo zonke iindlela zethu zokuphila ezisisiseko kunye nokuphila.Ngoku sinezixhobo ze-elektroniki ezinokuzalisekisa iimfuno zethu zemihla ngemihla.
Kodwa lithini ikamva?Le yinto enkulu engaziwayo.Sonke siyazi ukuba yonke into eyilwe phambi kwethu ime emagxeni abanduleli bayo.Ookhokho bethu bazise uyilo lwePCB apho lukhoyo namhlanje, kwaye ngoku kufuneka sihlaziye kwaye siguqule indlela esiyila kunye nokunxibelelana nobuchwepheshe.Ikamva linokuba nantoni na.Ikamva lixhomekeke kuwe.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-17-2023