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Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea li-chips tse hlahisoang ke lik'hamphani tsa semiconductor. Ka kakaretso, li-chips li arotsoe ho latela mosebetsi oa tsona. Leha ho le joalo, ka linako tse ling li arotsoe ka mefuta e fapaneng ho itšetlehile ka potoloho e kopantsoeng (IC) e sebelisoang.
Mabapi le ts'ebetso, mekhahlelo e mene ea mantlha ea li-semiconductors ke li-memory chips, li-microprocessors, li-chips tse tloaelehileng, le litsamaiso tse rarahaneng ho chip (SoC). Ho ea ka mofuta oa potoloho e kopaneng, li-chips li ka aroloa ka mefuta e meraro: li-chips tsa dijithale, li-chips tsa analog le li-chips tse nyalisitsoeng.
Ho latela pono ea ts'ebetso, li-memory chips tsa semiconductor li boloka data le mananeo ho likhomphutha le lisebelisoa tsa polokelo.
Li-chips tsa memori ea phihlello (RAM) li fana ka sebaka sa nakoana sa mosebetsi, ha li-flash memory li boloka tlhahisoleseling ka ho sa feleng (ntle le haeba e hlakotsoe). Bala Feela Memori (ROM) le Programmable Bala Feela Memori (PROM) chips li ke ke tsa fetoloa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mohopolo o ka hlakolohang oa ho bala feela (EPROM) le li-chips tsa memori e ka hlakolohang ka motlakase (EEPROM) li ka nkeloa sebaka.
Microprocessor e na le yuniti e le 'ngoe kapa tse ling tse bohareng tsa ts'ebetso (CPUs). Li-server tsa khomphutha, likhomphutha tsa motho (li-PC), matlapa le li-smartphone li ka ba le li-processor tse ngata.
Li-microprocessors tsa 32-bit le 64-bit ka har'a li-PC le li-server tsa kajeno li ipapisitse le meralo ea x86, POWER, le SPARC e ntlafalitsoeng lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lisebelisoa tsa mohala tse kang li-smartphone hangata li sebelisa meralo ea chip ea ARM. Li-microprocessors tse seng matla haholo tsa 8-bit, 16-bit, le 24-bit (tse bitsoang li-microcontrollers) li sebelisoa lihlahisoa tse kang lipapali le likoloi.
Ka botekgeniki, graphics processing unit (GPU) ke microprocessor e khonang ho fana ka lits'oants'o ho bonts'a lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. E tsebisitsoe 'marakeng ka kakaretso ka 1999, li-GPU li tsebahala ka ho fana ka litšoantšo tse boreleli tseo bareki ba li lebelletseng ho tsoa ho livideo le lipapali tsa sejoale-joale.
Pele ho qaleha ha GPU ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1990, ho nehelanoa ka litšoantšo ho ne ho etsoa ke setsi sa tšebetso se bohareng (CPU). Ha e sebelisoa 'moho le CPU, GPU e ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea khomphutha ka ho theola mesebetsi e meng e matla haholo, joalo ka ho fana, ho tsoa ho CPU. Sena se potlakisa ts'ebetso ea kopo hobane GPU e ka etsa lipalo tse ngata ka nako e le 'ngoe. Phetoho ena e boetse e lumella nts'etsopele ea software le mesebetsi e tsoetseng pele le e sebelisang lisebelisoa tse ngata joalo ka merafo ea chelete ea crypto.
Li-circuits tse kopantsoeng tsa indasteri (CICs) ke li-microcircuits tse bonolo tse sebelisetsoang ho pheta-pheta mekhoa ea ho sebetsa. Li-chips tsena li hlahisoa ka molumo o phahameng 'me hangata li sebelisoa lisebelisoa tsa morero o le mong joalo ka li-scanner tsa barcode. Mmaraka oa li-circuits tse kopantsoeng tsa thepa o tšoauoa ka marang-rang a tlase mme o busoa ke baetsi ba li-semiconductor tse kholo tsa Asia. Haeba IC e etselitsoe morero o itseng, e bitsoa ASIC kapa Application Specific Integrated Circuit. Ka mohlala, merafo ea bitcoin kajeno e etsoa ka thuso ea ASIC, e etsang mosebetsi o le mong feela: merafo. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) ke IC e 'ngoe e tloaelehileng e ka etsoang ho latela litlhaloso tsa moetsi.
SoC (sistimi ho chip) ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta e mecha ea lichifi le e tsebahalang haholo ke bahlahisi ba bacha. Ho SoC, likarolo tsohle tsa elektroniki tse hlokehang bakeng sa sistimi eohle li hahiloe ka har'a chip e le 'ngoe. Li-SoCs li sebetsa ka mokhoa o fapaneng ho feta li-chips tsa microcontroller, tseo hangata li kopanyang CPU e nang le RAM, ROM, le input/output (I/O). Ho li-smartphones, li-SoCs le tsona li ka kopanya lits'oants'o, lik'hamera, le ts'ebetso ea molumo le video. Ho eketsa chip ea taolo le chip ea seea-le-moea ho etsa tharollo ea li-chip tse tharo.
Ho nka mokhoa o fapaneng oa ho arola li-chips, li-processor tse ngata tsa sejoale-joale li sebelisa li-circuits tsa dijithale. Hangata li-circuits tsena li kopanya li-transistors le liheke tsa logic. Ka linako tse ling ho eketsoa microcontroller. Li-circuits tsa dijithale li sebelisa matšoao a dijithale, hangata a ipapisitse le potoloho ea binary. Li-voltage tse peli tse fapaneng li abeloa, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e emela boleng bo fapaneng bo utloahalang.
Li-chips tsa analog li 'nile tsa nkeloa sebaka haholo (empa eseng ka ho feletseng) ke li-chips tsa digital. Hangata li-chips tsa matla ke li-analog chips. Lipontšo tsa Wideband li ntse li hloka li-IC tsa analog 'me li ntse li sebelisoa e le li-sensor. Lipotolohong tsa analog, voltage le hona joale li lula li fetoha libakeng tse itseng tsa potoloho.
Li-IC tsa analog hangata li kenyelletsa li-transistors le likaroloana tse sa sebetseng joalo ka li-inductors, li-capacitor le li-resistors. Li-IC tsa analoge li tloaetse ho ba le lerata kapa liphetoho tse nyane tsa motlakase, tse ka bakang liphoso.
Li-semiconductors bakeng sa li-circuits tse nyalisitsoeng hangata ke li-IC tsa dijithale tse nang le mahlale a tlatsetso a sebetsang ka li-circuits tsa analog le tsa dijithale. Li-microcontroller li ka kenyelletsa converter ea analog-to-digital (ADC) ho sehokelo se nang le li-microcircuits tsa analog joalo ka lisensara tsa mocheso.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, digital-to-analog converter (DAC) e lumella microcontroller ho hlahisa li-voltage tsa analog ho fetisa molumo ka sesebelisoa sa analog.
Indasteri ea semiconductor e na le chelete e ngata ebile e matla, e nchafatsa likarolo tse ngata tsa mebaraka ea likhomphutha le tsa elektroniki. Ho tseba hore na ke mefuta efe ea likhamphani tsa semiconductors tse hlahisang joalo ka li-CPU, li-GPU, li-ASIC ho ka u thusa ho etsa liqeto tse bohlale le tse nang le tsebo ea ho tsetela ho pholletsa le lihlopha tsa indasteri.
Nako ea poso: Jun-29-2023