Vabatsiri veInvestopedia vanobva kwakasiyana kumashure, vaine zviuru zvevanyori vane ruzivo uye vapepeti vanopa anopfuura makore makumi maviri nemana.
Kune marudzi maviri emachipisi anogadzirwa nemakambani esemiconductor.Kazhinji, machipisi anorongedzerwa zvichienderana nebasa rawo.Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva dzakakamurwa kuva marudzi akasiyana zvichienderana nedunhu rakasanganiswa (IC) rinoshandiswa.
Panyaya yebasa, iwo mana makuru makuru esemiconductors ndeye memory machipi, microprocessors, akajairwa machipisi, uye yakaoma masisitimu pane chip (SoC).Zvinoenderana nerudzi rwedunhu rakasanganiswa, machipi anogona kukamurwa kuita marudzi matatu: dijitari machipisi, analog machipisi, uye mahybrid chips.
Kubva pakuona kwekushanda, semiconductor memory chips chengetedza data uye mapurogiramu pamakomputa nemidziyo yekuchengetedza.
Random access memory (RAM) machipisi anopa nzvimbo yenguva pfupi yebasa, nepo flash memory chips inochengeta ruzivo zvachose (kunze kwekunge rwadzimwa).Read Chete Memory (ROM) uye Programmable Read Chete Memory (PROM) chips haigone kugadziridzwa.Mukupesana, erasable programmable read-chete memory (EPROM) uye magetsi anodzimika kuverenga-chete memory (EEPROM) machipisi anotsiviwa.
A microprocessor ine imwe kana kupfuura yepakati yekugadzirisa zvikamu (CPUs).Masevha emakombuta, makomputa ega (PC), mahwendefa uye mafoni anogona kunge aine akawanda processor.
Iwo 32-bit uye 64-bit microprocessors mumaPC anhasi uye maseva akavakirwa paiyo x86, SIMBA, uye SPARC chip architectures akagadzirwa makumi emakore apfuura.Kune rimwe divi, nharembozha dzakadai sema smartphones dzinowanzo shandisa iyo ARM chip architecture.Isina simba 8-bit, 16-bit, uye 24-bit microprocessors (inonzi microcontrollers) inoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvakaita sematoyi nemotokari.
Nehunyanzvi, graphics processing unit (GPU) imicroprocessor inokwanisa kupa magirafu kuti aonekwe pamidziyo yemagetsi.Yakaunzwa kumusika wepasi rose muna 1999, maGPU anozivikanwa nekuburitsa mifananidzo yakatsetseka inotarisirwa nevatengi kubva kuvhidhiyo yemazuva ano nemitambo.
Kusati kwauya kweGPU mukupera kwema1990s, girafu rekupa raiitwa nepakati pekugadzirisa unit (CPU).Kana ikashandiswa pamwe chete neCPU, iyo GPU inogona kuvandudza mashandiro ekombuta nekuburitsa mamwe mabasa ane simba rekushandisa, akadai sekupa, kubva kuCPU.Izvi zvinomhanyisa kugadzirisa kwekushandisa nekuti iyo GPU inogona kuita akawanda maverengero panguva imwe chete.Kuchinja uku kunobvumirawo kuvandudzwa kweimwe yepamusoro uye zviwanikwa-yakanyanya software uye zviitiko zvakaita se cryptocurrency migodhi.
Maindasitiri akabatanidzwa maseketi (CICs) ari nyore mamicrocircuits anoshandiswa kuita kudzokorora maitiro ekugadzirisa.Aya machipisi anogadzirwa akakwira vhoriyamu uye anowanzo kushandiswa mune chimwe chinangwa zvishandiso senge barcode scanners.Musika wezvigadzirwa zvakasanganiswa maseketi unoratidzwa neakaderera margin uye unotongwa nevakuru vekuAsia semiconductor vagadziri.Kana IC yakaitirwa chinangwa chaicho, inodaidzwa kuti ASIC kana Application Specific Integrated Circuit.Semuenzaniso, bitcoin mining nhasi inoitwa nerubatsiro rweASIC, iyo inoita basa rimwe chete: kuchera.Munda Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) imwe yakajairwa IC iyo inogona kugadziridzwa kune yekugadzira zvakatemwa.
SoC (system pane chip) ndeimwe yemhando nyowani dzemachipisi uye inonyanya kufarirwa nevagadziri vatsva.Mune SoC, zvese zvemagetsi zvinodikanwa kune iyo system yese zvakavakwa mune imwechete chip.MaSoCs anochinja-chinja kupfuura microcontroller machipisi, ayo anowanzo kusanganisa CPU ne RAM, ROM, uye yekuisa / kubuda (I/O).Mune smartphones, SoCs inogona zvakare kubatanidza mifananidzo, makamera, uye odhiyo uye vhidhiyo kugadzirisa.Kuwedzera control chip uye radio chip inogadzira matatu-chip mhinduro.
Kutora imwe nzira yekuisa machipisi, mazhinji emazuva ano macomputer processors anoshandisa dhijitari maseketi.Aya maseketi anowanzo kusanganisa transistors uye logic magedhi.Dzimwe nguva microcontroller inowedzerwa.Digital maseketi anoshandisa madhijitari discrete masiginecha, kazhinji akavakirwa pabhinari redunhu.Mavhiri maviri akasiyana anopihwa, rimwe nerimwe richimiririra kukosha kwakasiyana.
Analog machipisi akave zvakanyanya (asi kwete zvizere) akatsiviwa nedhijitari machipisi.Simba machipisi kazhinji analogi machipisi.Wideband masaini achiri kuda analog ICs uye achiri kushandiswa se sensors.Mune analog maseketi, voltage uye zvazvino zviri kuramba zvichichinja pane dzimwe nzvimbo mudunhu.
Analog ICs anowanzo sanganisira transistors uye passive zvikamu senge inductors, capacitors, uye resistors.Analog ICs anowanzoita ruzha kana diki shanduko yemagetsi, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kukanganisa.
Semiconductors yemasekete akasanganiswa anowanzo dhijitari ICs ane anopindirana matekinoroji anoshanda neese analogi uye edhijitari maseketi.Microcontrollers inogona kusanganisira analog-to-digital converter (ADC) kuti ienderane neanalog microcircuits senge tembiricha sensors.
Kusiyana neizvi, dhijitari-kune-analog inoshandura (DAC) inobvumira iyo microcontroller kuburitsa analog voltages kufambisa odhiyo kuburikidza neanalog mudziyo.
Iyo semiconductor indasitiri ine pundutso uye ine simba, inovandudza mukati mezvikamu zvakawanda zvemakomputa uye zvemagetsi misika.Kuziva kuti ndeapi marudzi emasemiconductors makambani anoburitsa akadai seCPU, maGPU, ASICs anogona kukubatsira iwe kuita zvine hungwaru uye zvine ruzivo sarudzo dzekudyara mumapoka emaindasitiri.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-29-2023