Kufanana nezvimwe zvakawanda zvigadzirwa zvakakura munhoroondo yese, iyorakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi (PCB)sekuziva kwedu nhasi kwakavakirwa pabudiriro yakaitwa munhoroondo yose.Mukona yedu diki yepasi, tinogona kuronda nhoroondo yePCB kumashure makore anopfuura 130, apo michina mikuru yemaindasitiri ichangotanga.Zvatichavhara mune ino blog haisi nhoroondo yakazara, asi nguva dzakakosha dzakashandura PCB kuita zvayave nhasi.
Sei PCB?
Nekufamba kwenguva, maPCB akashanduka kuita chishandiso chekugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvemagetsi.Izvo zvaimbove nyore kuunganidza nemaoko zvakakurumidza kupa nzira kune zvidiki zvidiki zvinoda kunyatsojeka uye kushanda nesimba.Tora mapuranga maviri anoratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pasi apa semuenzaniso.Imwe ibhodhi rekare kubva ku1960s yema calculator.Imwe yacho ndiyo yakajairika high-density motherboard yauchaona mumakomputa anhasi.
Kuenzanisa kwePCB pakati pekarukureta ya1968 uye mabhodhi emazuva ano emazuva ano.
Mukarukureta tinogona kuva ne30+ transistors, asi pane imwe chip pabhodhi reamai unowana anopfuura miriyoni transistors.Iyo poindi ndeyekuti, mwero wekufambira mberi mune tekinoroji uye PCB dhizaini pachayo inoshamisa.Zvese zviri paPCB Calculator zvino zvinogona kukwana mune imwechete chip mumagadzirirwo anhasi.Izvi zvinokwevera kutarisa kune akati wandei anoonekwa maitiro muPCB kugadzira:
Isu tiri kubatanidza mamwe mashandiro mumidziyo yepamusoro senge akasanganiswa maseketi (ICs) uye microprocessors.
Isu tiri kunyura zvinhu zvisingaite senge resistors uye capacitors kudzika kusvika kune microscopic level.
Zvese izvi zvinotungamira kuwedzera kwechikamu density uye kuomarara pamabhodhi edu edunhu.
Kufambira mberi kwese uku kunotungamirwa nekuvandudzwa mukumhanya uye kushanda kwezvigadzirwa zvedu.Isu tinotarisira kuti zvishandiso zvedu zvichapindura ipapo, kunyangwe masekonzi mashoma ekunonoka anogona kutipinza mukupenga.Nekushanda, funga nezvemitambo yemavhidhiyo.Kudzoka muma80s, iwe unogona kunge wakatamba Pac-Man pane arcade.Iye zvino tiri kuona photoreal inomiririra yechokwadi.Budiriro yacho inopenga chete.
Vhidhiyo yemitambo inoonekwa ingangoita sehupenyu mazuva ano.
Zviripachena kuti maPCB akashanduka achipindura zvakananga kune zvatinotarisira kubva kumidziyo yedu.Tinoda zvigadzirwa zvinokurumidza, zvakachipa, zvine simba zvakanyanya, uye nzira chete yekuzadzisa izvi zvinodiwa ndeyekuita zvishoma nekuvandudza kushanda kwemaitiro ekugadzira.Izvi zvakatanga rinhi mumagetsi nemaPCB?Pakuvamba kweZera Rakagadzirwa.
Gild Age (1879 - 1900)
Takagumisa Hondo yeVanhu veAmerica mu60s, uye ikozvino kugadzirwa kweAmerica kuri kuwedzera.Panguva ino, tiri kuita zvatinogona, kubva pazvokudya kusvika kune zvipfeko, fenicha uye njanji.Indasitiri yekutumira iri kugumbura, uye mainjiniya edu makuru ari kufunga nzira yekuwana munhu kubva kumahombekombe ekumabvazuva kweUS kuenda kumahombekombe ekumadokero mumazuva mashanu kusvika ku7 pachinzvimbo che5 kusvika 7 mwedzi.
Njanji dzaiita kuti kufamba kubva kumahombekombe kuenda kumhenderekedzo kutore mazuva pane mwedzi.
Panguva iyi, takaunzawo magetsi mudzimba, kutanga mumaguta uye ipapo mumasabhubhu nokumaruwa.Magetsi ave kutsiva marasha, huni nemafuta.Funga nezvekugara muNew York munguva yechando yakaoma, uchiedza kubika kana kuti kudziirwa nemarasha ane tsvina kana mirwi yehuni.Magetsi akachinja zvese izvozvo.
Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti Standard Oil, iyo inotonga musika wemafuta, haipe mafuta epeturu.Musika wavo mafuta ekubikisa, ekukangwa nekuvheneka.Nekuuya kwemagetsi, Standard Oil yaida kutsanangura kushandiswa kutsva kweoiri, yaizouya nekuunzwa kwemotokari.
Muna Chivabvu 1878, Standard Oil Company yakabudisa stock, uye hutongi hwemafuta hwakatanga.
Munguva yeGilded Age takaona zvimwe zvikuru zvakawanikwa mu electromagnetism.Isu takagadzira mota yemagetsi, inoshandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi.Isu tinoonawo majenereta, ayo anoita zvinopesana nekushandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi.
Yakanga iriwo nguva yevagadziri vane hunyanzvi avo vachiri nemhedzisiro yenyika yedu yemagetsi nhasi, kusanganisira:
Thomas Edison akagadzira girobhu remwenje muna 1879, iyo bhaisikopo muna 1889, uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvitsva.
Nikola Tesla akagadzira mota yemagetsi muna 1888 uye AC simba sosi muna 1895.
Alexander Graham Bell akagadzira foni muna 1876.
George Eastman's Kodak akagadzira kamera yekutanga yevatengi muna 1884.
Herman Hollerith akagadzira muchina wekutarisa muna 1890 uye akaenderera mberi nekuwana IBM.
Munguva ino yakaoma yekuvandudza, imwe yemakakatanwa makuru ndeekuti pakati peAC neDC.Tesla's alternating current yakazopedzisira yava nzira yakanaka yekufambisa simba pamusoro pemadaro marefu.Sezvineiwo, zvakadaro, isu tichiri kubata neAC-DC kutendeuka nhasi.
AC inogona kunge yakakunda muhondo, asi DC ichiri kutonga zvemagetsi.
Tarisa pane chero mudziyo wemagetsi waunorovera mumadziro, unofanirwa kushandura AC kuita DC.Kana, kana iwe ukatarisa zvivakwa zvinodiwa kune solar panels, ivo vanogadzira magetsi muDC, iyo inofanirwa kuchinjirwa ku AC senzvimbo yemagetsi, uye kudzokera kuDC kuti zvishandiso zvedu zvishandise.Unogona kutaura kuti gakava re AC-DC harina kumbopera, chiyero chakanga chichangobva kuitika pakati pepfungwa mbiri dzinopikisana.
Kune akawanda kumashure nekudzoka pakati peAC neDC mune solar panel.
Ziva kuti iyo yekutanga pfungwa yePCB haina kugadzirwa muGiridhi Age.Nekudaro, pasina kugona kugadzira kwenguva ino, uye kufurira kwakapararira kwemagetsi, maPCB haambofi akaita zvaari nhasi.
Progressive Era (1890 - 1920)
Iyo Progressive Era yakamisikidzwa nenguva yekuchinja kwemagariro, nemutemo wakaita seSherman Antitrust Act kutyora kuvharika kweStandard Oil.Apa ndipo patinoona ekutanga PCB patents.Muna 1903, muvambi wekuGermany Albert Hanson akanyorera kuBritish patent yechishandiso chinotsanangurwa seflat foil conductor pane multilayer insulating board.Unonzwika wakajairana here?
Dhirowa inoratidza Albert Hanson yekutanga PCB patent.
Hansen anotsanangurawo pfungwa yekupfuura-gomba mashandisirwo mune yake patent.Pano anoratidza kuti unogona kubaya gomba muzvikamu zviviri zvine mitsetse yakatwasuka kuti uite kubatanidza magetsi.
Munguva iyi, takatanga kuona Edison nevamwe vatungamiri vebhizimisi vanoita guru guru rekuunza zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi mudzimba dzemazuva ose.Dambudziko nekusundidzira uku kushaikwa zvachose kwekumira.Kudai waigara kuNew York kana kuNew Jersey ukashandisa magetsi akagadzirwa naEdison pakuvheneka, kudziyisa kana kubika, chii chaizoitika kana ukaashandisa mune rimwe guta?Iwo haagone kushandiswa nekuti dhorobha rega rega rine socket yayo yekumisikidza.
Dambudziko rakatowedzerawo nenyaya yekuti Edison aisangoda kutengesera vanhu girobhu chete, aidawo kutengesa service.Edison anogona kukupa basa remagetsi pamwedzi wega wega;zvino waizotenga magirobhu emwenje, midziyo yemagetsi, nezvimwewo. Chokwadi, hapana kana chimwe chezvishandiso izvi chinoenderana nedzimwe nzira dzinokwikwidza.
Tinoda kutenda Harvey Hubbel nekupedzisira apedza dambudziko iri.Muna 1915, akapa patent yeplug yemadziro socket ichiri kushandiswa nhasi.Iye zvino hatichina toaster kana ndiro inopisa yakabairwa muchisoketi chegirobhu.Uku kuhwina kukuru kweindasitiri yekumisikidza.
Tinotenda Harvey Hubbel, tave nemadziro akamisikidzwa emadziro emidziyo yese yemagetsi.
Sechinyorwa chekupedzisira, Progressive Era yakaratidzwa neHondo Yenyika I. Kunetsana uku kwakanangana nemamech uye hondo yehondo.Pfungwa yePCB, kana kunyange zvemagetsi zvekutanga, haisati yashandiswa mukushandiswa kwechiuto, asi ichaita munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Kutinhira kwemakumi maviri (1920s)
Nekupera kweHondo Yenyika I, tave zvino muMakumi Anotinhira, ayo akaona kusimukira kukuru muhupfumi hweAmerica.Kwenguva yokutanga munhau, vanhu vakawanda vanogara mumaguta kupfuura mumapurazi.Tiri kutangawo kuona macheni nema brand achiunzwa muUS yese.Unogona kunge uine chitoro chemhuri kana maviri mumataundi maviri akasiyana, asi iye zvino tave nemhando huru nezvitoro zvinoenda kunyika.
Kugadzirwa kukuru kweiyi nguva yaive mota yaHenry Ford uye zvivakwa zvaida.Mamiriro acho akafanana nema1990, pataifanira kuvaka chivako chikuru chekugadzirisa internet uye ruzivo rwezera redu kuburikidza nekuvaka switch, routers, uye fiber optic cables.Motokari hadzisi mutsauko.
Motokari yekutanga yaHenry Ford - mavhiri mana.
Pano tinoona waimbova mugwagwa wevhu uchigadzirwa.Vanhu vaida peturu kuti vagone kufambisa motokari dzavo, nokudaro kwaidiwa zviteshi zvepeturu.Iwe zvakare une zvitoro zvekugadzirisa, zvishandiso uye nezvimwe.Upenyu hwose hwevanhu vakawanda hwakatangira pakugadzirwa kwemotokari, uye nanhasi ndizvo zvazviri.
Panguva iyi ndipo patakaonawo kuunzwa kwemidziyo yemazuva ano yatichiri kuvimba nayo nanhasi yakaita semichina yekuwacha, vacuum cleaners nemafiriji.Kekutanga, vanhu vachakwanisa kutenga zvinhu zvinoparara muzvitoro vozvichengeta kwehupenyu hwakareba.
Asi maPCB edu aripi?Hatisati tamboona dzichishandiswa mune chero midziyo kana mota dzakavhurwa panguva ino.Nekudaro, muna 1925, Charles Ducasse akaisa patent yakatsanangura maitiro ekuwedzera conductive inki kune insulating zvinhu.Izvi zvichazoguma neakadhindwa wiring board (PWB).Iyi patent ndiyo yekutanga inoshanda application yakafanana nePCB, asi chete seyakarongwa yekudziya coil.Hatisati tawana chero magetsi chaiwo ekubatanidza pakati pebhodhi nezvikamu parizvino, asi tave kusvika pedyo.
Iyo PCB yakaramba ichishanduka, panguva ino ichishandiswa seyekupisa coil yaCharles Ducas.
Great Depression (1930s)
Muna 1929, musika wemasheya wakaderera, uye zvese zvitsva zvitsva zvenguva yedu zvakadonha.Pano tinoona nguva yekushayikwa kwemabasa pamusoro pe25%, 25,000 kukundikana kwebhangi, uye matambudziko akawanda pasi rose.Yakanga iri nguva ine ngwavaira nokuda kworudzi rwomunhu rwose zvarwo, ichigadzirira nzira yokumuka kwaHitler, Mussolini, Stalin, uye rwisano dzedu dzenyika dzomunguva yemberi.MaPCB anogona kunge akanyarara kusvika zvino, asi zvese zvave kuda kuchinja.
The Great Depression yakabata munhu wese, kubva kumabhanga kusvika kuvashandiwo zvavo.
Hondo Yenyika II (1939-1945)
Hondo Yenyika II yakanga ichipfuurira, uye United States yakapinda mukurwisana pashure pokubhomba kwePearl Harbor muna 1942. Chinofadza pamusoro pePearl Harbor ndiko kukundikana kwekurukurirano yose kwakatungamirira kukurwisa.IUS yaive nehumbowo hwakanaka hwedambudziko rave pedyo, asi nzira dzese dzekusangana nemuzinda wavo wemauto muHonolulu hadzina kubudirira, uye chitsuwa chakabatwa zvisina tsarukano.
Nekuda kwekutadza uku, iyo DoD yakaona kuti yaida nzira yakavimbika yekutaurirana.Izvi zvakaunza zvemagetsi pamberi senzira yekutanga yekutaurirana ichitsiva Morse code.
Yakanga iri zvakare munguva yeHondo Yenyika II yatakaona kushandiswa kwekutanga kwePCBs muhuputi hwepedyo hwatinahwo nhasi.Mudziyo uyu unoshandiswa kune high-velocity projectiles inoda kureba kwemoto chaiwo mudenga kana panyika.The proximity fuze yakatanga kugadzirwa nemaBritish kurwisa kufambira mberi kwemauto aHitler.Yakazogovaniswa neUnited States uko dhizaini nekugadzira zvakanatswa.
Imwe yekutanga kushandiswa kwechiuto kushandisa maPCB yaive yepedyo fuse.
Munguva iyi, taivewo naPaul Eisler, wekuAustria aigara kuUK, aine patent yemhangura foil pane isiri-conductive girazi substrate.Unonzwika wakajairana here?Iyi ipfungwa yatichiri kushandisa nhasi kugadzira maPCB ane insulation uye mhangura pamusoro/pasi.Eisler akatora pfungwa iyi imwe nhanho paakavaka redhiyo kubva muPCB yake muna 1943, iyo yaizogadzira nzira yezvikumbiro zvechiuto mune ramangwana.
Paul Eisler akavaka redhiyo kubva mubhodhi redunhu rekutanga rakadhindwa (PCB).
Baby Boomers (1940s)
Sezvo Hondo Yenyika II yakanga yava kunopera, takaona masoja edu achiuya kumba, akatanga mhuri, uye aine boka rose revana.Chengetedza vana vanobhowa.Makanga muri munguva yapashure pehondo umo takaona kuvandudzwa kukuru kumidziyo yaivapo yakadai semavacuum cleaners, muchina wokuwachisa, materevhizheni nemaredhiyo.Zvino sezvo Kuderera Kukuru kuri shure kwedu, vatengi vazhinji vanogona kupedzisira vatenga zvishandiso izvi mudzimba dzavo.
Hatisati tamboona maPCB evatengi.Aripi mabasa aPaul Eisler?Tarisa uone iyi yekare TV pazasi uye iwe uchaona zvese zvikamu, asi pasina iri pasi PCB hwaro.
Imwe Motorola TV kubva 1948, isina PCB.
Pasinei nekushaikwa kwePCBs, takaona kusvika kwetransistor paBell Labs muna 1947. Zvakatora mamwe makore matanhatu muna 1953 chigadziro chacho chisati chashandiswa mukugadzirwa, asi nei kwenguva yakareba kudaro?Mumazuva iwayo, mashoko aiparadzirwa kuburikidza nemagazini, misangano, nezvimwewo. Zera remashoko risati rasvika, kuparadzirwa kwemashoko kwaingotora nguva kupararira.
Yekutanga transistor akaberekwa kuBell Laboratories muna 1947.
Cold War Era (1947 - 1991)
Kuuya kwenguva yeCold War kwakaratidza nguva yakati rebei yekunetsana pakati peUnited States neSoviet Union.Nekuda kwekusiyana kuri pakati pecapitalism necommunism, hofori mbiri idzi dzinenge dziri kurwisana uye dzaisa pasi rose munjodzi yekuparadza kwenyukireya.
Kuti varambe vari mberi mumujaho wezvombo uyu, mativi ose anofanira kuvandudza kugona kwavo kutaurirana kuti vanzwisise zviri kuitwa nemuvengi.Pano tinoona PCB ichishandiswa kusvika pakukwanisa kwayo kuzere.Muna 1956, Mauto eUS akaburitsa patent ye "circuit assembly process."Vagadziri ikozvino vane nzira yekubata zvese zvemagetsi uye kuita hukama pakati pezvikamu zvine mhangura trace.
Sezvo maPCB akatanga kusimuka munyika yekugadzira, takazviwana tiri mujaho rekutanga repasi rose.Russia yakave nezvakabudirira zvinoshamisa panguva ino, kusanganisira:
1957 Kutangwa kwekutanga satellite yekugadzira, Sputnik
1959 Kuvhurwa kweLuna 2, yekutanga spacecraft kuenda kuMwedzi
Muna 1961 Yuri Gagarin, wekutanga cosmonaut, akatumirwa kutenderera Pasi
Setiraiti yekutanga yekuRussia, Sputnik, yakavambwa muna 1957.
America iripi mune zvese izvi?Kunyanya kusarira kumashure, kazhinji zvinotora gore kana maviri kugadzira tekinoroji imwechete.Tichigadzirisa gaka iri, tinoona bhajeti remuchadenga reUS richikura zvakapetwa kashanu muna 1960. Tinewo hurukuro ine mukurumbira yeMutungamiri Kennedy muna 1962, chikamu chayo chakakodzera kudzokororwa:
“Tinosarudza kuenda kumwedzi!Tinosarudza kuenda kumwedzi kuti tiite zvimwe zvinhu makore gumi aya, kwete nekuti zviri nyore, asi nekuti zvakaoma;nekuti chinangwa ichi chichabatsira kuronga uye kuyera masimba edu epamusoro uye hunyanzvi, nekuda kweizvi Zvinetso ndizvo zvatiri kuda kutora, izvo zvatisingade kumisa, uye zvatiri kuda kuhwina. "– John F. Kennedy, Mutungamiriri weUnited States, Gunyana 12, 1962
Zvose izvi zvakatungamirira kunguva inokosha munhau.Musi waChikunguru 20, 1969, murume wekutanga wekuAmerica akasvika pamwedzi.
Munhu wekutanga pamwedzi, inguva yenhoroondo yevanhu.
Kudzokera kuPCBs, muna 1963 takava neHazeltyne Corporation patent yekutanga yakaputirwa kuburikidza-gomba tekinoroji.Izvi zvinobvumira zvikamu kuti zvirongedzwe pedyo pamwe chete paPCB pasina kunetseka nezve-cross-connects.Isu takaona zvakare kuunzwa kweSurface Mount Technology (SMT), yakagadziridzwa neBMM.Aya magungano akakomba akatanga kuonekwa mukuita muSaturn rocket booster.
1967 Yekutanga kuburikidza-gomba PCB tekinoroji patent.
Kwayedza yeMicroprocessor (1970s)
Ma70s akatiunzira yekutanga microprocessor muchimiro chemusanganiswa wedunhu (IC).Izvi zvakatanga kugadzirwa naJack Kilby wekuTexas Instruments muna 1958. Kilby akanga ari mutsva kuTI, saka mazano ake matsva eICs ainyanya kuchengetwa pasi pekuputira.Nekudaro, apo mainjiniya makuru eTI akatumirwa kumusangano wevhiki rese, Kilby akasara ndokumhanya nemazano mumusoro make.Pano, akagadzira yekutanga IC muTI labs, uye mainjiniya aidzoka akaida.
Jack Kilby akabata yekutanga yakabatanidzwa dunhu.
Muma1970, takaona kushandiswa kwekutanga kweICs mukugadzira magetsi.Panguva ino, kana usiri kushandisa PCB yekubatanidza kwako, uri mudambudziko guru.
Dawn of the Digital Age (1980s)
Zera redhijitari rakaunza shanduko huru munhau dzatinodya, nekuunzwa kwemidziyo yemunhu yakadai sedhisiki, VHS, makamera, mitambo yemitambo, mawalkmans, nezvimwe.
Muna 1980, Atari video game console yakaita kuti zviroto zvevana zviitike.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti maPCB aive achiri kudhonzwa nemaoko achishandisa mabhodhi akareruka uye stencils, asi ipapo makomputa neEDA zvakauya.Pano tinoona EDA software seProtel neEAGLE ichichinja magadzirirwo atinoita nekugadzira zvemagetsi.Panzvimbo pemufananidzo wePCB, isu tinokwanisa ikozvino kuchengetedza dhizaini seGerber text file, iyo inoronga inogona kuiswa mumuchina wekugadzira kugadzira PCB.
Nguva yeInternet (1990s)
Mumakore ekuma90, takaona kushandiswa kwesilicon kuchiuya mukutenderera kwakazara nekuunzwa kweBGA.Iye zvino isu tinokwanisa kukwana mamwe magedhi pane imwechete chip uye kutanga kumisa ndangariro uye masisitimu-pa-chip (SoCs) pamwechete.Iyi yaivewo nguva yekukwirira miniaturization yemagetsi.Hatina kuona zvinyowani zvakawedzerwa kuPCB, asi maitiro ese ekugadzira akatanga kushanduka nekushanduka, achienda kuIC.
Vagadziri vanofanirwa ikozvino kushandisa dhizaini-ye-yedzo (DFT) marongero mumagadzirirwo avo.Hazvisi nyore kupinza chikamu uye kuwedzera mutsara webhuruu.Mainjiniya anofanirwa kugadzira marongero avo aine ramangwana rework mupfungwa.Zvose izvi zvikamu zvakaiswa nenzira yokuti zvinogona kubviswa nyore nyore here?Uku kunetseka kukuru.
Yakanga iriwo nguva apo madiki echikamu mapakeji senge 0402 akagadzira nemaoko mabhodhi edunhu zvisingaite.Mugadziri zvino anogara mune yake EDA software uye mugadziri ane basa rekugadzirwa kwemuviri uye kusangana.
Surface mount components kubva pakukura kusvika kudiki.
Hybrid era (2000s uye mberi)
Cheka kusvika kunguva yanhasi yemagetsi uye PCB dhizaini;yatinoti nguva yakasanganiswa.Kare, taiva nemidziyo yakawanda yezvido zvakawanda.Unoda karukureta;unotenga calculator.Unoda kutamba mitambo yemavhidhiyo;unotenga vhidhiyo yemutambo console.Iye zvino unogona kutenga smartphone uye kuwana makumi matatu akasiyana-siyana ezvakavakirwa-mukati maficha.Izvi zvingaite sezviri pachena, asi zvinokatyamadza kana iwe uchinyatsoona zvinhu zvese zvinogona kuitwa nemafoni edu:
e-mail bhakodhi scanner tochi bhero kamera navigation
mimhanzi inoridza hurongwa VCR mepu Internet browser kalendari movie player Calculator
Matikiti efoni rekodhi rekodhi muchina wekupindura meseji pfupi mabhuku ekubhengi
Tave muzera rekubatanidzwa kwemidziyo, asi chii chinotevera?MaPCB anotangwa uye isu tine maitiro uye maitiro ezvinenge zvese.High-speed zvikumbiro zvava kuita muitiro.Isu tinoona zvakare kuti 25% chete yevashandi vePCB vari pasi pemakore makumi mana nemashanu, ukuwo makumi manomwe neshanu muzana vari kugadzirira kuenda pamudyandigere.Indasitiri inoratidzika kunge iri panguva yakaoma.
Remangwana rePCB dhizaini richava marobhoti here?Pamwe mune inopfekeka ine flex circuit?Kana kuti tinogona kuona mapurotoni achitsiva maerekitironi nephotonics.Nezve izvo zvatinoziva nezvemuviri PCBs, izvo zvinogona kutochinja mune ramangwana.Iko hakuna kudikanwa kwepakati pemuviri kuti igone kugonesa kubatana pakati pezvikamu, asi zviri nani mukana weiyo wave tekinoroji.Izvi zvaizobvumira zvikamu kutumira masaini pasina waya pasina kudiwa kwemhangura.
Remangwana richange rakaita sei?
Hapana anonyatsoziva kuti ramangwana rePCB dhizaini, kana zvemagetsi zvakazara, rinonanga kupi.Patova nemakore anoda kusvika 130 kubva mhasuru dzedu dzekugadzira dzakatanga kushanda.Kubva ipapo, nyika yachinja zvachose nekuunzwa kwezvigadzirwa zvikuru semotokari, midziyo, makomputa, mafoni, nezvimwe.Kwapera mazuva apo taivimba nemarasha, matanda kana mafuta pakurarama kwedu kwese uye kurarama.Iye zvino tave nemagetsi emagetsi anogona kuzadzisa zvatinoda zuva nezuva.
Asi ramangwana rinei?Ichi chinhu chikuru chisingazivikanwe.Isu tese tinoziva kuti zvese zvakagadzirwa pamberi pedu zvinomira pamapfudzi evakatangira.Madzitateguru edu akaunza dhizaini yePCB kwairi nhasi, uye ikozvino tinoda kuvandudza nekuvandudza magadzirirwo atinoita nekudyidzana nehunyanzvi.Ramangwana rinogona kuva chero chinhu.Ramangwana rinotsamira pauri.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-17-2023