Ubwoko nyamukuru bwa microcircuits ikorwa namasosiyete ya semiconductor

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Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwa chip ikorwa na societe ya semiconductor.Mubisanzwe, chip zishyirwa mubikorwa ukurikije imikorere yazo.Ariko, rimwe na rimwe bigabanyijemo ubwoko butandukanye bitewe numuzunguruko (IC) wakoreshejwe.
Kubireba imikorere, ibyiciro bine byingenzi bya semiconductor ni chip yibuka, microprocessor, chip zisanzwe, hamwe na sisitemu igoye kuri chip (SoC).Ukurikije ubwoko bwumuzunguruko uhuriweho, chip irashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu: ibyuma bya digitale, ibyuma bisa, hamwe na chip.
Uhereye kubikorwa, semiconductor yibuka chip ibika amakuru na progaramu kuri mudasobwa nibikoresho byo kubika.
Ububiko busanzwe bwo kwibuka (RAM) butanga umwanya wakazi wigihe gito, mugihe flash memory chip ibika amakuru burundu (keretse iyo isibwe).Soma gusa Memory (ROM) na Programmable Soma gusa Memory (PROM) chip ntishobora guhinduka.Ibinyuranyo, gusiba porogaramu ishobora gusomwa gusa (EPROM) hamwe namashanyarazi ashobora gusomwa gusa (EEPROM) chip irashobora gusimburwa.
Microprocessor ikubiyemo igice kimwe cyangwa byinshi byo gutunganya hagati (CPU).Seriveri za mudasobwa, mudasobwa bwite (PC), tableti na terefone zigendanwa zishobora kugira ibintu byinshi bitunganya.
Microprocessor ya 32-bit na 64-bit muri PC zubu na seriveri bishingiye kuri x86, POWER, na SPARC chip yubatswe yubatswe mumyaka mirongo ishize.Kurundi ruhande, ibikoresho bigendanwa nka terefone zigendanwa zikoresha ubwubatsi bwa ARM chip.Imbaraga nkeya 8-bit, 16-bit, na 24-bito ya microprocessor (bita microcontrollers) bikoreshwa mubicuruzwa nkibikinisho nibinyabiziga.
Muburyo bwa tekiniki, ishami ritunganya ibishushanyo (GPU) ni microprocessor ishoboye gutanga ibishushanyo byo kwerekana kubikoresho bya elegitoroniki.Yinjiye ku isoko rusange muri 1999, GPU izwiho gutanga ibishushanyo mbonera abaguzi biteze kuri videwo no gukina bigezweho.
Mbere yuko GPU itangira mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 90, gushushanya ibishushanyo byakozwe n'ikigo gishinzwe gutunganya (CPU).Iyo ikoreshejwe ifatanije na CPU, GPU irashobora kunoza imikorere ya mudasobwa mugukuramo ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe byibanda cyane, nko gutanga, bivuye muri CPU.Ibi byihutisha gutunganya porogaramu kuko GPU irashobora gukora imibare myinshi icyarimwe.Ihinduka kandi ryemerera iterambere ryiterambere kandi rikoresha ibikoresho-byinshi nkibikorwa byo gucukura amafaranga.
Inganda zuzuzanya mu nganda (CICs) ni microcircuits yoroshye ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gutunganya inshuro nyinshi.Iyi chip ikorwa mubwinshi kandi ikoreshwa kenshi mubikoresho bigamije nka barcode scaneri.Isoko ryibicuruzwa byinjizwamo ibicuruzwa birangwa n’imipaka mike kandi yiganjemo abakora inganda nini zo muri Aziya.Niba IC ikozwe kubwintego yihariye, yitwa ASIC cyangwa Porogaramu yihariye Yuzuzanya.Kurugero, ubucukuzi bwa bitcoin uyumunsi bukorwa hifashishijwe ASIC, ikora umurimo umwe gusa: ubucukuzi.Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) nubundi buryo busanzwe IC bushobora guhindurwa kubisobanuro byabashinzwe.
SoC (sisitemu kuri chip) ni bumwe muburyo bushya bwa chip kandi bukunzwe cyane nababikora bashya.Muri SoC, ibikoresho byose bya elegitoronike bisabwa kuri sisitemu yose yubatswe muri chip imwe.SoCs irahuze cyane kuruta microcontroller chips, mubisanzwe ihuza CPU na RAM, ROM, hamwe ninjiza / ibisohoka (I / O).Muri terefone zigendanwa, SoCs irashobora kandi guhuza ibishushanyo, kamera, hamwe no gutunganya amajwi n'amashusho.Ongeraho chip yo kugenzura hamwe na chip ya radio ikora igisubizo cya chip eshatu.
Gufata ubundi buryo bwo gutondekanya chip, abatunganya mudasobwa benshi bigezweho bakoresha imiyoboro ya sisitemu.Iyi mizunguruko isanzwe ihuza tristoriste hamwe namarembo ya logique.Rimwe na rimwe, microcontroller yongeweho.Imirongo ya sisitemu ikoresha ibimenyetso bya sisitemu yihariye, mubisanzwe bishingiye kumirongo ibiri.Imyanya ibiri itandukanye yashinzwe, buri kimwe kigaragaza agaciro kumvikana.
Chip analogi yasimbuwe ahanini (ariko ntabwo yuzuye) yasimbujwe ibyuma bya digitale.Imbaraga zamashanyarazi mubisanzwe.Ikimenyetso cya Broadband kiracyasaba IC igereranya kandi iracyakoreshwa nka sensor.Muburyo bwikigereranyo, voltage numuyoboro uhora uhinduka kumwanya runaka muruziga.
Analog IC isanzwe ikubiyemo transistors hamwe nibice bya pasiporo nka inductors, capacator, na résistoriste.Analog IC ikunda cyane urusaku cyangwa impinduka ntoya ya voltage, ishobora gukurura amakosa.
Semiconductor ya sisitemu ya Hybrid mubisanzwe ni IC ya digitale hamwe na tekinoroji yuzuzanya ikorana na analogi na sisitemu ya digitale.Microcontrollers irashobora gushiramo analog-to-digitale ihindura (ADC) kugirango igere kuri interineti hamwe na microcircuits igereranya nka sensor sensor.
Ibinyuranye, guhinduranya-muburyo bwa digitale (DAC) yemerera microcontroller kubyara voltage igereranya kohereza amajwi binyuze mubikoresho bisa.
Inganda za semiconductor zunguka kandi zifite imbaraga, guhanga udushya mubice byinshi byamasoko ya mudasobwa na electronics.Kumenya ubwoko bwamasosiyete ikora ibicuruzwa bitanga umusaruro nka CPU, GPUs, ASICs birashobora kugufasha gufata ibyemezo byubwenge kandi bisobanutse neza mumishinga yinganda.