Kimwe nibindi byinshi byavumbuwe mumateka, theicyapa cyumuzingo cyacapwe (PCB)nkuko tubizi uyumunsi ishingiye kumajyambere yatewe mumateka.Mu mfuruka zacu z'isi, dushobora gukurikirana amateka ya PCB kuva mu myaka irenga 130, igihe imashini zikomeye zo ku isi zatangiraga gutangira.Ibyo tuzareba kuriyi blog ntabwo amateka yuzuye, ahubwo nibihe byingenzi byahinduye PCB uko imeze ubu.
Kuki PCB?
Igihe kirenze, PCBs zahindutse igikoresho cyo gutezimbere ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki.Icyahoze cyoroshye guterana n'intoki cyahise giha inzira ibice bya microscopique bisaba ubuhanga no gukora neza.Fata imbaho ebyiri zerekanwe kumashusho hepfo nkurugero.Imwe ni ikibaho gishaje kuva muri za 1960 kubara.Ibindi nibisanzwe byububiko bwinshi cyane uzabona muri mudasobwa zubu.
Kugereranya PCB hagati ya calculatrice 1968 nububiko bwa kijyambere.
Muri calculatrice dushobora kuba dufite tristoriste 30+, ariko kuri chip imwe kurubaho urahasanga transistor zirenga miliyoni.Ingingo ni, igipimo cyiterambere mu ikoranabuhanga nigishushanyo cya PCB ubwacyo kirashimishije.Ibintu byose kuri calculatrice PCB birashobora noneho guhuza chip imwe mubishushanyo byubu.Ibi bikurura ibitekerezo kubintu byinshi bigaragara mubikorwa bya PCB:
Turimo kwinjiza imikorere myinshi mubikoresho bigezweho nka sisitemu ihuriweho (ICs) na microprocessor.
Turimo kugabanya ibice bya pasiporo nka résistoriste na capacator kugeza kurwego rwa microscopique.
Ibi byose biganisha ku kwiyongera k'ubucucike no kugorana ku mbaho zacu.
Iterambere ryose ryatewe ahanini no kunoza umuvuduko n'imikorere y'ibicuruzwa byacu.Turateganya ko ibikoresho byacu bisubiza ako kanya, niyo amasegonda make yo gutinda birashobora kudutera ubwoba.Kubikorwa, tekereza kumikino ya videwo.Kera muri za 80, birashoboka ko wakinnye Pac-Man kuri arcade.Noneho turimo kubona amafoto yerekana ukuri.Iterambere rirasaze.
Amashusho yimikino yerekana amashusho hafi yubuzima muriyi minsi.
Biragaragara ko PCB zagiye zihinduka mugusubiza mu buryo butaziguye ibyo dutegereje kubikoresho byacu.Dukeneye ibicuruzwa byihuse, bihendutse, imbaraga zikomeye, kandi inzira imwe rukumbi yo kuzuza ibyo bisabwa ni ugucisha make no kunoza imikorere yuburyo bwo gukora.Iri terambere muri electronics na PCB ryatangiye ryari?Mugitondo cyigihe cya Zahabu.
Imyaka ya zahabu (1879 - 1900)
Twasoje intambara y'abanyamerika muri za 60, none inganda zabanyamerika ziratera imbere.Hagati aho, turimo gukora uko dushoboye, kuva ibiryo kugeza imyenda, ibikoresho byo muri gare.Inganda zitwara abantu ziratera, kandi injeniyeri zacu zikomeye zirimo gushaka uburyo bwo kubona umuntu kuva ku nkombe y’iburasirazuba bwa Amerika kugera ku nkombe y’iburengerazuba mu minsi 5 kugeza 7 aho kuba amezi 5 kugeza kuri 7.
Gariyamoshi yakoze ingendo kuva ku nkombe kugera ku nkombe bifata iminsi aho kuba amezi.
Muri kiriya gihe, twazanye kandi amashanyarazi murugo, ubanza mumijyi hanyuma mu nkengero no mucyaro.Amashanyarazi ubu asimbuye amakara, ibiti n'amavuta.Tekereza gutura i New York mu gihe cy'itumba rikaze, ugerageza guteka cyangwa gushyushya amakara yanduye cyangwa ibirundo by'inkwi.Amashanyarazi yahinduye ibyo byose.
Ingingo ishimishije nuko Amavuta asanzwe yihariye isoko rya peteroli, adatanga amavuta ya lisansi.Isoko ryabo ni amavuta yo guteka, gukaranga no gucana.Hamwe n’umuriro w'amashanyarazi, Amavuta asanzwe yari akeneye gusobanura imikoreshereze mishya ya peteroli, yazanwe no gutangiza imodoka.
Muri Gicurasi 1878, Isosiyete isanzwe ya peteroli yatanze imigabane, maze monopoliya itangira.
Mugihe cya Zahabu twabonye ibintu bikomeye byavumbuwe muri electromagnetism.Twahimbye moteri y'amashanyarazi, ihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi ingufu za mashini.Turabona kandi amashanyarazi, akora ibinyuranye no guhindura ingufu za mashini mumashanyarazi.
Byari kandi igihe cyabavumbuzi ba gihanga bagifite ingaruka ku isi yacu ya elegitoroniki muri iki gihe, harimo:
Thomas Edison yahimbye itara mu 1879, firime mu 1889, nibindi bishya byinshi.
Nikola Tesla yahimbye moteri y’amashanyarazi mu 1888 n’isoko rya AC mu 1895.
Alexander Graham Bell yahimbye terefone mu 1876.
Kodak ya George Eastman yahimbye kamera yambere yabaguzi mu 1884.
Herman Hollerith yahimbye imashini itanga amakuru mu 1890 akomeza gushinga IBM.
Muri iki gihe gikomeye cyo guhanga udushya, imwe mu mpaka nini ni uko hagati ya AC na DC.Umuyoboro wa Tesla uhinduranya amaherezo wahindutse uburyo bwiza bwo kohereza imbaraga mumwanya muremure.Igishimishije, ariko, turacyakemura ikibazo cya AC-DC uyumunsi.
AC ishobora kuba yaratsinze urugamba, ariko DC iracyiganje kuri electronics.
Reba igikoresho cyose cya elegitoronike ucomeka kurukuta, ugomba guhindura AC kuri DC.Cyangwa, iyo urebye ibikorwa remezo bisabwa kumirasire y'izuba, bitanga amashanyarazi muri DC, bigomba guhindurwa bigasubira muri AC nkisoko yingufu, hanyuma bigasubira muri DC kugirango ibikoresho byacu bikoreshe.Urashobora kuvuga hafi ko impaka za AC-DC zitigeze zirangira, habaye impirimbanyi hagati yibitekerezo bibiri bivuguruzanya.
Hano hari byinshi inyuma ninyuma hagati ya AC na DC mumirasire yizuba.
Menya ko igitekerezo cyambere cya PCB kitavumbuwe mugihe cya Zahabu.Ariko, hatabayeho ubushobozi bwo gukora iki gihe, hamwe ningaruka zikomeye zamashanyarazi, PCB ntizigera imera nkubu.
Igihe cyiterambere (1890 - 1920)
Igihe cyateye imbere cyaranzwe nigihe cyivugurura ry’imibereho, amategeko nk’amategeko agenga ibiciro bya Sherman asenya monopoliya ya peteroli.Nigihe kandi iyo tubonye patenti ya mbere ya PCB.Mu 1903, umudage wavumbuye umudage Albert Hanson yasabye ipatanti y’Ubwongereza ku gikoresho kivugwa ko ari umuyoboro utambitse ku kibaho.Byumvikane neza?
Igishushanyo cyerekana ipatanti ya mbere ya Albert Hanson.
Hansen asobanura kandi igitekerezo cyo gukoresha umwobo muri patenti.Hano arerekana ko ushobora gukubita umwobo mubice bibiri hamwe numurongo uhagaze kugirango ukore amashanyarazi.
Muri kiriya gihe, twatangiye kubona Edison hamwe nabandi bayobozi bashoramari basunika cyane kuzana ibikoresho byamashanyarazi mumazu ya buri munsi.Ikibazo niki gisunika nukubura byuzuye kubisanzwe.Niba warabaye i New York cyangwa muri New Jersey ugakoresha ibyo Edison yahimbye amashanyarazi mu gucana, gushyushya cyangwa guteka, byagenda bite uramutse ubikoresheje mu wundi mujyi?Ntibishobora gukoreshwa kuko buri mujyi ufite iboneza rya sock.
Ikibazo cyarushijeho kuba kibi kubera ko Edison atashakaga kugurisha abantu itara gusa, yashakaga no kugurisha serivisi.Edison arashobora kuguha serivisi z'amashanyarazi buri kwezi;noneho wagura amatara, ibikoresho, nibindi. Birumvikana ko ntanimwe muri izi serivisi zihuye nubundi buryo bwo guhatana.
Turashaka gushimira Harvey Hubbel kuba yarangije akajagari.Mu 1915, yapanze urukuta rusanzwe rukoreshwa muri iki gihe.Ubu ntabwo dufite toasteri cyangwa isahani ishyushye icomekwa mumatara.Iyi ntsinzi nini yo gutunganya inganda.
Ndashimira Harvey Hubbel, ubu dufite urukuta rusanzwe rusohoka kubikoresho byose bya elegitoroniki.
Nkibisobanuro byanyuma, Igihe cyiterambere cyaranzwe nintambara ya mbere yisi yose. Aya makimbirane yibanze gusa kuri mechs nintambara yo mu mwobo.Igitekerezo cya PCB, cyangwa nibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ntabwo bikoreshwa mubikorwa bya gisirikare, ariko bizaba vuba.
Gutontoma makumyabiri (1920)
Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose irangiye, ubu turi muri Roaring Twenties, yabonye iterambere rikomeye mu bukungu bwa Amerika.Bwa mbere mu mateka, abantu benshi baba mu mijyi kuruta imirima.Dutangiye kandi kubona iminyururu n'ibirango bitangizwa muri Amerika.Urashobora kugira ububiko bwumuryango cyangwa bibiri mumijyi ibiri itandukanye, ariko ubu dufite ibirango bikomeye nububiko bigenda byigihugu.
Ivumburwa rikomeye muri iki gihe ni imodoka ya Henry Ford n'ibikorwa remezo byasabwaga.Ibintu bisa na za 90, mugihe twagombaga kubaka ibikorwa remezo bikomeye kugirango duhangane na interineti hamwe namakuru yacu mugihe twubaka insimburangingo, router, hamwe ninsinga za fibre optique.Imodoka nayo ntisanzwe.
Imodoka yambere ya Henry Ford - ibiziga bine.
Hano turabona icyahoze ari umuhanda wa kaburimbo washyizweho kaburimbo.Abantu bari bakeneye lisansi kugirango bakoreshe ibinyabiziga byabo, bityo hakenewe sitasiyo ya lisansi.Ufite kandi amaduka yo gusana, ibikoresho nibindi.Abantu benshi mubuzima bwabo bwose bwaturutse kubuvumbuzi bwimodoka, kandi nubu nubu.
Muri icyo gihe kandi ni bwo twabonye ishyirwaho ry'ibikoresho bigezweho turacyashingiraho muri iki gihe, nk'imashini imesa, isuku ya vacuum na firigo.Ku nshuro yambere, abantu bazashobora kugura ibicuruzwa byangirika mububiko no kubibika igihe kirekire.
Ariko PCB zacu zirihe?Ntabwo twigeze tubona bikoreshwa mubikoresho cyangwa imodoka byatangijwe muriki gihe.Icyakora, mu 1925, Charles Ducasse yatanze ipatanti isobanura inzira yo kongeramo wino itwara ibikoresho.Ibi bizavamo ibisubizo byanditseho insinga (PWB).Iyi patenti niyo porogaramu yambere ifatika isa na PCB, ariko gusa nka coil yo gushyushya planar.Ntabwo twabonye amashanyarazi afatika hagati yubuyobozi nibigize, ariko turegera.
PCB yakomeje kwiyongera, iki gihe ikoreshwa nkigiceri cyo gushyushya Charles Ducas.
Ihungabana rikomeye (1930)
Mu 1929, isoko ryimigabane ryaragabanutse, kandi udushya twose twigihe cyacu twaragabanutse.Hano turabona igihe cyubushomeri kiri hejuru ya 25%, gutsindwa kwa banki 25.000, nibibazo byinshi kwisi.Cari igihe kibabaje ku bantu muri rusange, gitanga inzira yo kuzamuka kwa Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, ndetse n'amakimbirane azaza ku isi.PCBs ishobora kuba yaracecetse kugeza ubu, ariko ibyo byose bigiye guhinduka.
Ihungabana rikomeye ryagize ingaruka kuri buri wese, uhereye kuri banki kugeza ku bakozi basanzwe.
Intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose (1939 - 1945)
Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yari ikomeje, kandi Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zifatanije n’urugamba nyuma y’iterabwoba rya Pearl Harbour mu 1942. Igishimishije kuri Pearl Harbour ni ukunanirwa kw'itumanaho kwose kwateye icyo gitero.Amerika yari ifite ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko ikibazo cyegereje, ariko uburyo bwose bwo guhura n’ibirindiro byabo bya gisirikare i Honolulu ntibyatsinzwe, kandi ikirwa cyafashwe nabi.
Kubera ibyo kunanirwa, DoD yamenye ko bakeneye uburyo bwizewe bwitumanaho.Ibi byazanye ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki kumwanya wambere nkuburyo bwibanze bwitumanaho busimbuza code ya Morse.
Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose niho twabonye ikoreshwa rya mbere rya PCB muri fuse yegeranye dufite uyu munsi.Igikoresho gikoreshwa mubisasu byihuta cyane bisaba umuriro muremure utomoye mwijuru cyangwa kubutaka.Kuba hafi ya fuze byateguwe nabongereza kugirango barwanye ingabo za Hitler.Nyuma yaje gusangirwa na Amerika aho igishushanyo nogukora byakozwe neza.
Imwe muma progaramu ya mbere ya gisirikare yakoresheje PCBs yari fuse yegeranye.
Muri kiriya gihe, twagize kandi Paul Eisler, umunya Otirishiya uba mu Bwongereza, yapanze umuringa w’umuringa ku kirahure kitayobora.Byumvikane neza?Iki nigitekerezo turacyakoresha uyumunsi kugirango dukore PCB hamwe na insulation hamwe numuringa hejuru / hepfo.Eisler yateye iki gitekerezo indi ntambwe ubwo yubakaga radio muri PCB ye mu 1943, bizatanga inzira yo gusaba gisirikare ejo hazaza.
Paul Eisler yubatse radio mu kibaho cyambere cyacapwe (PCB).
Abana Boomers (1940s)
Igihe Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yari yegereje, twabonye abasirikare bacu bataha, bashinga imiryango, kandi bafite abana benshi.Kureka abana bavuka.Mu bihe by’intambara nyuma y’intambara niho twabonye iterambere ryinshi mu bikoresho byariho nko gusukura vacuum, imashini imesa, televiziyo na radiyo.Noneho ko Ihungabana rikomeye riri inyuma yacu, abaguzi benshi barashobora kugura ibyo bikoresho mumazu yabo.
Ntabwo twigeze tubona urwego rwabaguzi PCB.Ibikorwa bya Paul Eisler biri he?Reba kuri iyi TV ishaje hepfo urahabona ibice byose, ariko udafite ishingiro rya PCB.
TV ishaje ya Motorola kuva 1948, nta PCB.
Nubwo PCBs zabuze, twabonye ukuza kwa tristoriste muri Bell Labs mu 1947. Byatwaye indi myaka itandatu muri 1953 mbere yuko igikoresho gikoreshwa mu musaruro, ariko kubera iki igihe kirekire?Muri iyo minsi, amakuru yakwirakwijwe binyuze mu binyamakuru, mu nama, n'ibindi. Mbere yimyaka yamakuru, ikwirakwizwa ryamakuru ryatwaye igihe cyo gukwirakwiza.
Transistor ya mbere yavukiye muri Laboratoire ya Bell mu 1947.
Intambara y'ubutita (1947 - 1991)
Ukuza kw'Intambara y'ubutita kwaranze igihe kinini cy'amakimbirane hagati ya Amerika n'Ubumwe bw'Abasoviyeti.Kubera itandukaniro riri hagati ya capitalism na gikomunisiti, ibyo bihangange byombi biri hafi kurwana kandi byashyize isi mu kaga ko kurimburwa na kirimbuzi.
Kugira ngo ukomeze imbere muri iri siganwa ry’intwaro, impande zombi zigomba kongera ubushobozi bwo gushyikirana kugirango zumve icyo umwanzi akora.Hano turabona PCB ikoreshwa mubushobozi bwayo bwuzuye.Mu 1956, ingabo z’Amerika zasohoye ipatanti y '“inzira yo guteranya umuziki.”Ababikora ubu bafite uburyo bwo gufata ibyuma bya elegitoroniki no guhuza ibice bigize ibimenyetso byumuringa.
Mugihe PCB zatangiye guhaguruka mubikorwa byinganda, twisanze mumasiganwa yambere yisi.Uburusiya bwageze ku bintu bitangaje muri iki gihe, harimo:
1957 Kohereza icyogajuru cya mbere cyakozwe, Sputnik
1959 Ikirere cya Luna 2, icyogajuru cya mbere ku Kwezi
Mu 1961, Yuri Gagarin, icyogajuru cya mbere, yoherejwe kuzenguruka isi
Icyogajuru cya mbere cy’Uburusiya, Sputnik, cyoherejwe mu 1957.
Amerika irihe muri ibi byose?Ahanini gusubira inyuma, mubisanzwe bifata umwaka umwe cyangwa ibiri kugirango utezimbere ikoranabuhanga rimwe.Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, tubona ingengo y’imari y’Amerika yiyongereyeho gatanu mu 1960. Dufite kandi ijambo rizwi cyane rya Perezida Kennedy mu 1962, igice cyacyo kikaba gikwiye gusubirwamo:
“Duhitamo kujya ku kwezi!Duhitamo kujya mukwezi gukora ibindi bintu muriyi myaka icumi, ntabwo ari ukubera ko byoroshye, ariko kubera ko bikomeye;kubera ko iyi ntego izafasha gutunganya no gupima imbaraga n'ubuhanga byacu byiza, kubera iyi mbogamizi nibyo twiteguye gufata, ibyo tudashaka gusubika, ndetse nibyo twifuza gutsinda. ”- John F. Kennedy, Perezida wa Amerika, ku ya 12 Nzeri 1962
Ibi byose byatumye habaho ibihe bidasanzwe mumateka.Ku ya 20 Nyakanga 1969, umugabo wa mbere w’umunyamerika yaguye ku kwezi.
Umuntu wa mbere ku kwezi, igihe cyamateka kubantu.
Tugarutse kuri PCBs, mu 1963 twagize patenti ya Hazeltyne Corporation ya mbere yashizwemo ikoranabuhanga.Ibi bizemerera ibice bipakirwa hafi kuri PCB utitaye kumasano.Twabonye kandi itangizwa rya Surface Mount Technology (SMT), ryakozwe na IBM.Izi nteko zuzuye zagaragaye bwa mbere mubikorwa muri roketi ya Saturn.
1967 Ipente yambere ya tekinoroji ya PCB.
Umuseke wa Microprocessor (1970)
70s yatuzaniye microprocessor yambere muburyo bwumuzunguruko (IC).Ibi byakozwe bwa mbere na Jack Kilby wo muri Texas Instruments mu 1958. Kilby yari shyashya muri TI, bityo ibitekerezo bye bishya kuri IC ahanini byashyizwe mu bikorwa.Ariko, igihe abajenjeri bakuru ba TI boherejwe mu nama yamaze icyumweru, Kilby yagumye inyuma yiruka afite ibitekerezo mumutwe.Hano, yateje imbere IC ya mbere muri laboratoire ya TI, kandi ba injeniyeri bagarutse barayikunze.
Jack Kilby afite umuzenguruko wambere.
Mu myaka ya za 70, twabonye ikoreshwa rya mbere rya IC mu gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.Kuri ubu, niba udakoresha PCB kugirango uhuze, uri mubibazo bikomeye.
Umuseke wibihe bya Digital (1980)
Igihe cya digitale cyazanye impinduka nini mubitangazamakuru dukoresha, hamwe no kwinjiza ibikoresho byihariye nka disiki, VHS, kamera, imashini yimikino, kugenda, nibindi byinshi.
Mu 1980, umukino wa videwo ya Atari watumye inzozi zabana ziba impamo.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko PCBs zashushanijwe n'intoki ukoresheje imbaho zoroheje na stencile, ariko rero mudasobwa na EDA zaraje.Hano turabona software ya EDA nka Protel na EAGLE ihindura uburyo dushushanya no gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.Aho kugirango ifoto ya PCB, ubu dushobora kubika igishushanyo nka dosiye yinyandiko ya Gerber, imirongo yayo ishobora kwinjizwa mumashini yo guhimba kugirango ikore PCB.
Igihe cya interineti (1990)
Muri 90, twabonye ikoreshwa rya silikoni riza cyane hamwe no gutangiza BGA.Noneho dushobora guhuza amarembo menshi kuri chip imwe hanyuma tugatangira gushiramo ububiko na sisitemu-kuri-chip (SoCs) hamwe.Iki nacyo cyari igihe cya miniaturizasi ya electronics.Ntabwo twabonye ibintu bishya byongewe kuri PCB, ariko inzira yose yo gushushanya yatangiye guhinduka no guhinduka, yimukira muri IC.
Abashushanya bagomba noneho gushyira mubikorwa ingamba-zo-kugerageza (DFT) muburyo bwabo.Ntibyoroshye gukuramo ibice no kongeramo umurongo w'ubururu.Ba injeniyeri bagomba gutegura imiterere yabo hamwe nibitekerezo bizaza.Ibi bice byose byashyizwe muburyo bishobora kuvaho byoroshye?Ibi birahangayikishije cyane.
Byari ibihe kandi mugihe uduce duto duto duto nka 0402 twakoze kugurisha amaboko kubibaho byumuzunguruko hafi ya byose bidashoboka.Ibishushanyo ubu aba muri software ye ya EDA kandi uwabikoze ashinzwe kubyara no guteranya umubiri.
Ubuso bwimiterere yibice kuva binini kugeza bito.
Igihe cya Hybrid (2000 na nyuma yacyo)
Mugabanye ibihe byubu bya elegitoroniki nigishushanyo cya PCB;icyo twita ibihe bya Hybrid.Mubihe byashize, twari dufite ibikoresho byinshi kubikenewe byinshi.Ukeneye kubara;ugura imashini.Urashaka gukina imikino yo kuri videwo;ugura umukino wa videwo.Noneho urashobora kugura terefone hanyuma ukabona ibyiciro 30 bitandukanye byubatswe.Ibi birasa nkaho bigaragara, ariko biratangaje cyane iyo ubonye mubyukuri ibintu byose terefone zacu zishobora gukora:
ibikoresho byimikino adresse igitabo e-imeri barcode scaneri flashlight inzogera kamera
gahunda yumuziki gahunda ya VCR ikarita ya enterineti ya kalendari ya firime yumukinyi
Terefone ikaye amatike yandika imashini isubiza imashini Ubutumwa bugufi ibitabo byamabanki
Turi mubihe byo guhuza ibikoresho, ariko niki gikurikira?PCBs zashizweho kandi dufite inzira nuburyo hafi ya byose.Porogaramu yihuta cyane irahinduka ihame.Turabona kandi ko 25% gusa byabashushanyije PCB bari munsi yimyaka 45, mugihe 75% bitegura kuruhuka.Inganda zisa nkiziri mubihe bikomeye.
Ese ejo hazaza h'ibishushanyo bya PCB hazaba robot?Ahari mukwambara hamwe na flex circuit?Cyangwa dushobora kubona proton isimbuza electron na fotonike.Kubijyanye nibyo tuzi kuri PCB yumubiri, ibyo birashobora no guhinduka mugihe kizaza.Ntibikenewe ko habaho uburyo bwumubiri kugirango bushoboze guhuza ibice, ahubwo ni tekinoroji yikoranabuhanga.Ibi byemerera ibice kohereza ibimenyetso simusiga bidakenewe umuringa.
Ese ejo hazaza hazaba iki?
Ntamuntu numwe uzi neza ahazaza h'igishushanyo cya PCB, cyangwa na electronics muri rusange.Haraheze hafi imyaka 130 kuva imitsi yacu yo gukora itangiye gukora.Kuva icyo gihe, isi yarahindutse iteka hamwe no kwinjiza ibicuruzwa bikomeye nk'imodoka, ibikoresho, mudasobwa, telefone zigendanwa, n'ibindi.Igihe cyashize ubwo twashingiraga ku makara, ibiti cyangwa amavuta kugirango tubeho ubuzima bwibanze kandi tubeho.Ubu dufite ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bishobora kuzuza ibyo dukeneye buri munsi.
Ariko ejo hazaza hateganijwe iki?Iki ni ikintu kitazwi.Twese tuzi ko ibihangano byose imbere yacu bihagaze ku bitugu byababanjirije.Abakurambere bacu bazanye igishushanyo cya PCB aho kigeze ubu, none dukeneye guhanga udushya no guhindura uburyo dushushanya no gukorana nikoranabuhanga.Kazoza karashobora kuba ikintu cose.Ejo hazaza biterwa nawe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-17-2023