PCB (Icapa ryumuzingo wacapwe), izina ryigishinwa ryacapishijwe ikibaho cyumuzunguruko, kizwi kandi nkicapiro ryumuzunguruko wacapwe, nikintu cyingenzi cya elegitoroniki, inkunga yibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, hamwe nogutwara amashanyarazi yibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.Kuberako ikozwe hifashishijwe icapiro rya elegitoronike, ryitwa ikibaho cyumuzunguruko.
1. Nigute ushobora guhitamo ikibaho cya PCB?
Guhitamo inama ya PCB bigomba gushyira mu gaciro hagati yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa, umusaruro rusange nigiciro.Ibishushanyo mbonera bikubiyemo ibice byamashanyarazi nubukanishi.Mubisanzwe iki kibazo cyibintu ni ngombwa mugihe dushushanya cyane umuvuduko wa PCB wihuta (inshuro zirenze GHz).
Kurugero, ibikoresho bya FR-4 bikoreshwa muri iki gihe ntibishobora kuba byiza kuko igihombo cya dielectric kuri frequence ya GHz nyinshi bizagira ingaruka zikomeye kumatwi.Ku bijyanye n’amashanyarazi, birakenewe kwitondera niba dielectric ihoraho (dielectric ihoraho) hamwe nigihombo cya dielectric gikwiranye numurongo wabigenewe.
2. Nigute twakwirinda kwivanga kwinshi?
Igitekerezo cyibanze cyo kwirinda kwivanga kwinshi ni ukugabanya kwivanga kwumurongo mwinshi wibimenyetso bya electromagnetic yumurima, aribyo bita kwambukiranya (Crosstalk).Urashobora kongera intera iri hagati yikimenyetso cyihuta nikimenyetso cyikigereranyo, cyangwa ukongeramo uburinzi bwubutaka / shunt ibimenyetso kuruhande rwibimenyetso bisa.Witondere kandi urusaku rwivanga rwubutaka bwa digitale kubutaka busa.
3. Mugushushanya byihuse, nigute wakemura ikibazo cyuburinganire bwikimenyetso?
Ubunyangamugayo bwibimenyetso ahanini ni ikibazo cyo guhuza.Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku guhuza inzitizi zirimo imiterere n’ibisohoka impedance yinkomoko yikimenyetso, ibiranga inzitizi yumurongo, ibiranga imizigo iherezo, hamwe na topologiya yumurongo.Igisubizo nukwishingikiriza kurangiza no guhindura topologiya ya wiring.
4. Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza itandukaniro bugerwaho gute?
Hano hari ingingo ebyiri zo kwitondera mugukoresha insinga zitandukanye.Imwe ni uko uburebure bwimirongo ibiri bugomba kuba burebure bushoboka.Hariho inzira ebyiri zibangikanye, imwe nuko imirongo ibiri ikorera kumurongo umwe (uruhande rumwe), naho ubundi nuko imirongo ibiri ikora kumurongo wo hejuru no hepfo yegeranye (hejuru-munsi).Mubisanzwe, ibyambere kuruhande-kuruhande (kuruhande rumwe, kuruhande rumwe) bikoreshwa muburyo bwinshi.
5. Kumurongo wibimenyetso byamasaha hamwe numurongo umwe usohoka, nigute washyira mubikorwa insinga zitandukanye?
Gukoresha insinga zitandukanye, birasobanutse gusa ko ibimenyetso byikimenyetso nuwakira byombi ari ibimenyetso bitandukanye.Ntabwo bishoboka rero gukoresha insinga zitandukanye kubimenyetso byamasaha hamwe nibisohoka gusa.
6. Ese irwanya guhuza irashobora kongerwaho hagati yumurongo utandukanijwe kubiri kurangiza?
Guhuza guhangana hagati yumurongo utandukanijwe kumurongo wakira mubisanzwe byongeweho, kandi agaciro kayo kagomba kungana nagaciro kinyuranyo.Ubu buryo ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso bizaba byiza.
7. Kuki insinga zingingo zinyuranye zigomba kuba zegeranye kandi zisa?
Guhuza ibice bitandukanye bigomba kuba byegeranye kandi birasa.Ibyo bita kuba hafi ni ukubera ko intera izagira ingaruka ku gaciro ka impedance itandukanye, nikintu cyingenzi mugushushanya gutandukana.Gukenera kubangikanya nabyo biterwa no gukenera gukomeza guhuza inzitizi zitandukanye.Niba imirongo ibiri iri kure cyangwa yegereye, itandukaniro ritandukanye ntirizaba rihuye, bizagira ingaruka kubimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso (ubudakemwa bwibimenyetso) no gutinda (gutinda igihe).
8. Nigute ushobora gukemura amakimbirane amwe n'amwe mu nsinga zifatika
Mubusanzwe, birakwiye gutandukanya analog / sisitemu yubutaka.Twabibutsa ko ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso bitagomba kurenga ahantu hagabanijwe (moat) bishoboka, kandi inzira igaruka (inzira igaruka) yo gutanga amashanyarazi nibimenyetso ntibigomba kuba binini cyane.
Ikirahure cya kristu nikigereranyo cyiza cyiza cyo kuzunguruka.Kugira ikimenyetso gihindagurika gihamye, kigomba kuba cyujuje ibisobanuro byunguka na fonction.Nyamara, ibisobanuro bihindagurika byerekana iki kimenyetso birahungabana byoroshye, ndetse no kongeramo ibimenyetso byuburinzi ntibishobora gutandukanya byimazeyo.Niba kandi ari kure cyane, urusaku rwindege yubutaka narwo ruzagira ingaruka kubitekerezo byiza byizunguruka.Kubwibyo, intera iri hagati ya kristu oscillator na chip igomba kuba yegeranye bishoboka.
Mubyukuri, hariho amakimbirane menshi hagati yumuvuduko wihuse hamwe nibisabwa EMI.Ariko ihame ryibanze ni uko abarwanya na capacator cyangwa amasaro ya ferrite yongeweho kubera EMI ntibishobora gutuma ibintu bimwe na bimwe biranga amashanyarazi byerekana ibimenyetso binanirwa kubahiriza ibisobanuro.Kubwibyo, nibyiza gukoresha tekinike yo gutondekanya insinga na PCB kugirango ukemure cyangwa ugabanye ibibazo bya EMI, nko kuyobora ibimenyetso byihuta kurwego rwimbere.Hanyuma, koresha capacitor ya capacitor cyangwa ferrite kugirango ugabanye ibyangiritse.
9. Nigute ushobora gukemura ivuguruzanya hagati yo gukoresha intoki no gukoresha ibyuma byihuta byihuta?
Byinshi mu bikoresho byikora byikora bya software ikomeye ya software noneho byashyizeho imbogamizi zo kugenzura inzira yumubare numubare wa vias.Igenamiterere ryibikoresho bya moteri yubushobozi hamwe nimbogamizi zamasosiyete atandukanye ya EDA rimwe na rimwe aratandukanye cyane.
Kurugero, hari inzitizi zihagije zo kugenzura uburyo inzoka yinzoka, birashoboka ko intera yabantu batandukanye ishobora kugenzurwa, nibindi.Ibi bizagira ingaruka niba uburyo bwo guhitamo bwabonetse muburyo bwikora bushobora guhura nigitekerezo cyabashushanyije.
Mubyongeyeho, ingorane zo guhindura intoki intoki nazo zifitanye isano ryuzuye nubushobozi bwa moteri ihinduranya.Kurugero, gusunika kwinzira, gusunikwa kwa vias, ndetse no gusunika ibimenyetso byumuringa, nibindi. Kubwibyo rero, guhitamo router ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwa moteri yumuyaga nigisubizo.
10. Kubijyanye na coupons.
Ikizamini cya coupon ikoreshwa mugupima niba inzitizi iranga PCB yakozwe yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa hamwe na TDR (Time Domain Reflectometer).Mubisanzwe, inzitizi igomba kugenzurwa ifite imanza ebyiri: umurongo umwe hamwe nuburyo butandukanye.Kubwibyo, ubugari bwumurongo numurongo utandukanijwe (mugihe hariho ibice bibiri bitandukanye) kuri test ya coupon igomba kuba imwe numurongo ugomba kugenzurwa.
Ikintu cyingenzi cyane ni umwanya wubutaka iyo upimye.Kugirango ugabanye agaciro ka inductance yubutaka (isasu ryubutaka), ahantu TDR probe (probe) ihagaze mubusanzwe iba yegereye cyane aho ibimenyetso bipimirwa (tip ya probe).Kubwibyo, intera nuburyo hagati yikimenyetso cyapimwe kuri test coupon hamwe nubutaka bwo guhuza Guhuza iperereza ryakoreshejwe
11. Mu gishushanyo cyihuse cya PCB, ahantu hatagaragara igice cyerekana ibimenyetso hashobora gutwikirwa umuringa, ariko nigute umuringa wibice byinshi byerekana ibimenyetso wagabanywa kubutaka no gutanga amashanyarazi?
Mubisanzwe, igice kinini cyumuringa mugace kambaye ubusa.Gusa witondere intera iri hagati yumuringa numurongo wibimenyetso mugihe ubitse umuringa kuruhande rwumurongo wihuta wihuta, kuko umuringa wabitswe bizagabanya inzitizi iranga gato.Witondere kandi kutagira ingaruka kubiranga izindi nzego, nko muburyo bw'imirongo ibiri.
12. Birashoboka gukoresha moderi yumurongo wa microstrip kugirango ubare inzitizi iranga umurongo wikimenyetso hejuru yindege yingufu?Ikimenyetso kiri hagati yimbaraga nindege yubutaka gishobora kubarwa ukoresheje moderi ya stripline?
Nibyo, indege yimbaraga nindege yubutaka bigomba gufatwa nkindege zerekana mugihe ubara inzitizi iranga.Kurugero, ibice bine byubuyobozi: hejuru-imbaraga-imbaraga-hasi-hasi-hasi.Muri iki gihe, icyitegererezo cyo kuranga inzitizi zo hejuru ni urwego rwa microstrip umurongo hamwe nindege yimbaraga nkindege yerekanwe.
13. Muri rusange, ibisekuruza byikora byipimisha ukoresheje software ku kibaho cyanditse cyane cyujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa kugirango umusaruro ukorwe?
Niba amanota yikizamini ahita atangwa na software rusange yujuje ibisabwa byikizamini biterwa nuburyo ibisobanuro byo kongeramo amanota yikizamini byujuje ibisabwa mubikoresho byikizamini.Mubyongeyeho, niba insinga ari nyinshi kandi ibisobanuro byo kongeramo amanota yikigereranyo biragoye, ntibishoboka guhita wongera amanota yikizamini kuri buri gice cyumurongo.Birumvikana, birakenewe kuzuza intoki ahantu hagomba kugeragezwa.
14. Kongera amanota yikizamini bizagira ingaruka kumiterere yibimenyetso byihuta?
Kubyerekeye niba bizagira ingaruka kumiterere yikimenyetso, biterwa nuburyo bwo kongeramo amanota yikizamini nuburyo ikimenyetso cyihuta.Mubusanzwe, amanota yinyongera (kudakoresha ibihari binyuze cyangwa DIP pin nkibizamini) ashobora kongerwaho kumurongo cyangwa gukurwa kumurongo.Iyambere ihwanye no kongeramo capacitor ntoya kumurongo, mugihe iyanyuma ari ishami ryiyongera.
Ibi bihe byombi bizagira ingaruka kumuvuduko mwinshi ibimenyetso byinshi cyangwa bike, kandi urwego rwingaruka zijyanye numuvuduko wikimenyetso cyikimenyetso nigipimo cyikimenyetso (igipimo cyurugero).Ingano yingaruka irashobora kumenyekana hakoreshejwe kwigana.Ihame, ntoya yibizamini, nibyiza (birumvikana ko bigomba no kuba byujuje ibisabwa mubikoresho byipimisha).Mugufi ishami, nibyiza.
15. PCB nyinshi zikora sisitemu, ni gute insinga zubutaka hagati yimbaho zahuzwa?
Iyo ikimenyetso cyangwa imbaraga hagati yimbaho zitandukanye za PCB zahujwe hamwe, kurugero, ikibaho A gifite imbaraga cyangwa ibimenyetso byoherejwe ku kibaho B, hagomba kubaho umubare ungana wumuriro uva mubutaka ugasubira ku kibaho A (iyi ni Kirchoff amategeko ariho).
Ibiriho kuri iyi mikorere bizasanga ahantu byibuze birwanya gusubira inyuma.Kubwibyo, umubare wibipapuro byahawe indege yubutaka ntibigomba kuba bito cyane kuri buri murongo, kabone niyo byaba ari amashanyarazi cyangwa ikimenyetso, kugirango bigabanye inzitizi, ishobora kugabanya urusaku rwindege.
Mubyongeyeho, birashoboka kandi gusesengura ibizunguruka byose, cyane cyane igice gifite umuyoboro munini, hanyuma ugahindura uburyo bwo guhuza uburyo bwo gushiraho cyangwa insinga zubutaka kugirango ugenzure imigendekere yubu (urugero, kora inzitizi nkeya ahantu runaka, kugirango ibyinshi bitemba biva aha hantu), gabanya ingaruka kubindi bimenyetso byoroshye.
16. Urashobora kumenyekanisha ibitabo bya tekiniki byo mumahanga hamwe namakuru kubijyanye nigishushanyo cyihuse cya PCB?
Noneho imiyoboro yihuta ya digitale ikoreshwa mubice bifitanye isano nkurusobe rwitumanaho na calculatrice.Kubijyanye numuyoboro witumanaho, inshuro zikoreshwa mubuyobozi bwa PCB zigeze kuri GHz, kandi umubare wibice byegeranye ni nka 40 nkuko mbizi.
Porogaramu zijyanye na calculatrice nazo ziterwa no gutera imbere kwa chip.Yaba PC rusange cyangwa seriveri (Server), inshuro ntarengwa yo gukora ku kibaho nayo yageze kuri 400MHz (nka Rambus).
Mu gusubiza ibyifuzo byihuta byihuta kandi byihuta cyane, ibisabwa kuri vias zimpumyi / zishyinguwe, mircrovias hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryubaka bigenda byiyongera.Ibisabwa byo gushushanya birahari kubyara umusaruro mwinshi nababikora.
17. Inzira ebyiri zikunze kuvugwa ziranga impedance:
Umurongo wa Microstrip (microstrip) Z = {87 / [sqrt (Er + 1.41)]} ln Intera kuva kumurongo ugana indege yerekanwe, Er ni dielectric ihoraho yibikoresho bya PCB (dielectric ihoraho).Iyi formula irashobora gukoreshwa gusa mugihe 0.1≤ (W / H) ≤2.0 na 1≤ (Er) ≤15.
Umurongo (umurongo) Z = [60 / sqrt (Er)] ln {4H / indege ebyiri zerekana.Iyi formula irashobora gukoreshwa gusa mugihe W / H≤0.35 na T / H≤0.25.
18. Umugozi wubutaka urashobora kongerwaho hagati yumurongo utandukanya ibimenyetso?
Mubisanzwe, insinga yubutaka ntishobora kongerwaho hagati yikimenyetso gitandukanye.Kuberako ingingo yingenzi yibikorwa byo gushyira mu bikorwa ibimenyetso bitandukanye ni ugukoresha inyungu zizanwa no guhuza (guhuza) hagati y'ibimenyetso bitandukanye, nko guhagarika flux, ubudahangarwa bw'urusaku, nibindi. Niba insinga y'ubutaka yongeyeho hagati, ingaruka zo guhuza zizasenywa.
19. Igishushanyo mbonera cya rigid-flex gisaba software idasanzwe kandi idasanzwe?
Inzira zoroshye zacapwe (FPC) zirashobora gushushanywa hamwe na software rusange ya PCB.Koresha kandi imiterere ya Gerber kugirango ubyare abakora FPC.
20. Ni irihe hame ryo guhitamo neza aho ishingiro rya PCB nurubanza?
Ihame ryo guhitamo ingingo yibanze ya PCB nigikonoshwa nugukoresha ubutaka bwa chassis kugirango utange inzira-yimbogamizi yinzira yo kugaruka (kugaruka) no kugenzura inzira yo kugaruka.Kurugero, mubisanzwe hafi yumurongo mwinshi cyangwa generator yisaha, urwego rwubutaka rwa PCB rushobora guhuzwa nubutaka bwa chassis mugukosora imigozi kugirango hagabanuke ubuso bwumuzingi wose, bityo bigabanye imirasire ya electronique.
21. Ni ubuhe buryo dukwiye gutangiriraho kubuyobozi bwumuzunguruko DEBUG?
Kubijyanye na sisitemu ya sisitemu, banza umenye ibintu bitatu bikurikiranye:
1. Kugenzura niba indangagaciro zose zitangwa zingana kubishushanyo mbonera.Sisitemu zimwe zifite amashanyarazi menshi zirashobora gusaba ibintu bimwe na bimwe kubitondekanya n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi amwe.
2. Menya neza ko amasaha yose yerekana amasaha akora neza kandi ntakibazo kitari monotonic kumpera yikimenyetso.
3. Emeza niba ikimenyetso cyo gusubiramo cyujuje ibisabwa.Niba ibyo byose ari ibisanzwe, chip igomba kohereza ibimenyetso byinzira ya mbere (cycle).Ibikurikira, gusohora ukurikije amahame ya sisitemu yo gukora na protocole ya bisi.
22. Iyo ingano yubuyobozi bwumuzunguruko ikosowe, niba imirimo myinshi ikeneye kwakirwa mugushushanya, akenshi birakenewe kongera ubwinshi bwimiterere ya PCB, ariko ibi birashobora gutuma habaho kwivanga kwinzira, kandi kuri icyarimwe, ibimenyetso biroroshye cyane kuburyo byongera impedance.Ntishobora kugabanuka, nyamuneka abahanga bamenyekanisha ubuhanga muburyo bwihuse (≥100MHz) bwimbitse bwa PCB?
Mugushushanya umuvuduko mwinshi kandi mwinshi cyane PCBs, kwivanga kwambukiranya imipaka bigomba kwitabwaho byumwihariko kuko bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumwanya no kwerekana ibimenyetso.
Hano hari ibintu bike ugomba kwitondera:
Igenzura ubudahwema no guhuza ibimenyetso biranga impedance.
Ingano yumwanya.Mubisanzwe, intera ikunze kugaragara ni inshuro ebyiri z'ubugari.Ingaruka zo gutandukanya umwanya hamwe nibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso birashobora kumenyekana binyuze mukwigana, kandi intera ntarengwa yihanganira irashobora kuboneka.Ibisubizo birashobora gutandukana bivuye kuri chip.
Hitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo kurangiza.
Irinde icyerekezo kimwe cyibisobanuro kumurongo wo hejuru no hepfo yegeranye, cyangwa no guhuzagurika hejuru no hepfo, kuko ubu bwoko bwambukiranya buruta ubw'ibimenyetso byegeranye kurwego rumwe.
Koresha impumyi / zishyinguwe kugirango wongere umwanya wikibanza.Ariko ibiciro byo gukora mubuyobozi bwa PCB biziyongera.Nukuri biragoye kugera kuburinganire bwuzuye nuburebure bungana mubikorwa nyabyo, ariko biracyakenewe kubikora bishoboka.
Byongeye kandi, gutandukana gutandukanye hamwe nuburyo busanzwe bwo guhagarika bishobora kubikwa kugirango hagabanuke ingaruka kumwanya no kwerekana ibimenyetso.
23. Akayunguruzo kuri analog power itanga akenshi ni LC umuzenguruko.Ariko kuki rimwe na rimwe LC muyunguruzi idakorwa neza kurusha RC?
Kugereranya ingaruka za LC na RC zigomba gusuzuma niba umurongo wumurongo ugomba kuyungurura no guhitamo agaciro ka inductance birakwiye.Kuberako reaction ya inductive (reaction) ya inductor ifitanye isano nagaciro ka inductance ninshuro.
Niba urusaku rwinshi rwamashanyarazi ruri hasi kandi agaciro ka inductance ntabwo ari nini bihagije, ingaruka zo kuyungurura ntishobora kuba nziza nka RC.Nyamara, igiciro cyo kwishyura cyo gukoresha akayunguruzo ka RC ni uko résistor ubwayo ikwirakwiza imbaraga, ntigikora neza, kandi ikita ku mbaraga zatoranijwe zirwanya ubushobozi.
24. Nubuhe buryo bwo guhitamo inductance nagaciro ka capacitance mugihe cyo kuyungurura?
Usibye urusaku rwinshi ushaka gushungura, guhitamo agaciro ka inductance binareba ubushobozi bwo gusubiza ako kanya.Niba ibyasohotse muri LC bifite amahirwe yo gusohora umuyoboro munini ako kanya, agaciro kanini cyane ka inductance kazabangamira umuvuduko wumuyaga munini unyura muri inductor kandi wongere urusaku rwinshi.Ubushobozi bwa capacitance bujyanye nubunini bwurusaku rwerekana urusaku rushobora kwihanganira.
Gutoya urusaku agaciro rusabwa, nini nini ya capacitor.ESR / ESL ya capacitor nayo izagira ingaruka.Byongeye kandi, niba LC ishyizwe kumusaruro wimbaraga zo guhindura ibintu, birakenewe kandi kwitondera ingaruka za pole / zeru zakozwe na LC kumurongo wogukurikirana ibitekerezo bibi..
25. Nigute ushobora kuzuza ibisabwa EMC bishoboka cyane udateze igitutu kinini?
Igiciro cyiyongereye bitewe na EMC kuri PCB mubisanzwe biterwa no kwiyongera kwubutaka bwubutaka kugirango hongerwe imbaraga zo gukingira no kongeramo isaro ya ferrite, choke nibindi bikoresho byihuta byo guhuza ibikoresho.Mubyongeyeho, mubisanzwe birakenewe gufatanya nuburyo bwo gukingira ubundi buryo kugirango sisitemu yose inyure EMC ibisabwa.Ibikurikira ninama nkeya yubushakashatsi bwa PCB bwo kugabanya ingaruka zumuriro wa electromagnetique utangwa numuzunguruko.
Hitamo igikoresho gifite umuvuduko muke ushoboka kugirango ugabanye ibice byumuvuduko mwinshi byakozwe nikimenyetso.
Witondere gushyira ibice byinshyi nyinshi, ntabwo byegeranye cyane nabahuza hanze.
Witondere impedance ihuza ibimenyetso byihuta byihuta, umurongo wiring hamwe ninzira igaruka (inzira igaruka) kugirango ugabanye imirongo myinshi yumuriro hamwe nimirasire.
Shyira capacator zihagije kandi zikwiye kumashanyarazi kuri buri gikoresho kugirango urusaku ruciriritse ku mbaraga nindege zubutaka.Witondere byumwihariko niba igisubizo cyinshuro hamwe nubushyuhe buranga capacitor yujuje ibisabwa.
Ubutaka hafi yumuhuza wo hanze burashobora gutandukanywa neza nuburyo bwo gukora, kandi ubutaka bwumuhuza bugomba guhuzwa nubutaka bwa chassis hafi.
Koresha neza uburinzi bwubutaka / shunt kuruhande rwibimenyetso byihuta cyane.Ariko witondere ingaruka zumuzamu / shunt kuriranga inzitizi yibiranga.
Imbaraga zingufu ni 20H imbere kuruta gushiraho, na H ni intera iri hagati yimbaraga nimbaraga.
26. Iyo hariho ibikorwa byinshi bya digitale / bigereranya mumwanya umwe wa PCB, imyitozo isanzwe ni ugutandukanya imibare / igereranya.Impamvu ni iyihe?
Impamvu yo gutandukanya digitale / igereranya ni ukubera ko umuzenguruko wa digitale uzana urusaku kumashanyarazi nubutaka mugihe uhinduranya hagati yubushobozi buke kandi buke.Ubunini bw'urusaku bujyanye n'umuvuduko w'ikimenyetso n'ubunini bw'ubu.Niba indege yubutaka itagabanijwe kandi urusaku rwatewe numuzunguruko mugace ka digitale ni nini kandi umuzenguruko mukarere ka analogi uri hafi cyane, noneho nubwo ibimenyetso bya digitale na analogi bitarenga, ibimenyetso byikigereranyo bizakomeza kubangamirwa n'urusaku rw'ubutaka.Nukuvuga ko, uburyo bwo kutagabanya ibice bya digitale nibigereranirizo bishobora gukoreshwa gusa mugihe agace kamwe kagereranijwe kari kure yakarere ka digitale gatanga urusaku runini.
27. Ubundi buryo ni ukureba niba imiterere ya digitale / igereranya itandukanye hamwe numurongo wa signal / analogi yumurongo utambukiranya, ikibaho cyose PCB ntigabanijwe, kandi ikibanza cya digitale / analogi ihujwe niyi ndege yubutaka.Bimaze iki?
Ibisabwa ko ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso bidashobora kwambuka ni ukubera ko inzira igaruka (inzira igaruka inzira) yikimenyetso cyihuta cya digitale izagerageza gusubira kumasoko yikimenyetso cya digitale ku butaka hafi yubutaka.umusaraba, urusaku rwatewe no kugaruka bizagaragara mugace ka analog.
28. Nigute ushobora gusuzuma ikibazo gihuza impedance mugihe utegura igishushanyo mbonera cyibishushanyo byihuse bya PCB?
Mugushushanya umuvuduko wihuse wa PCB, guhuza impedance nikimwe mubintu byashushanyije.Agaciro ka impedance gafite umubano wuzuye nuburyo bwo kugendagenda, nko kugenda hejuru yubuso (microstrip) cyangwa urwego rwimbere (stripline / double stripline), intera iva kumurongo (power power cyangwa layer layer), ubugari bwumurongo, PCB ibikoresho, nibindi byombi bizagira ingaruka kubiranga impedance yagaciro.
Nukuvuga ko agaciro ka impedance gashobora kugenwa gusa nyuma yo gushakisha.Porogaramu rusange yo kwigana ntishobora gushobora gutekereza kubintu bimwe na bimwe byogukoresha hamwe nimbogamizi zidahagarara kubera imipaka yumurongo cyangwa imibare ya algorithm yakoreshejwe.Muri iki gihe, gusa abarangiza (terminations), nkibirwanya urukurikirane, barashobora kubikwa ku gishushanyo mbonera.kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa no guhagarika inzitizi.Igisubizo nyacyo cyikibazo nikibazo nukugerageza kwirinda guhagarika inzitizi mugihe wiring.
29. Ni he nshobora gutanga isomero ryerekana icyitegererezo cya IBIS?
Ukuri kwa moderi ya IBIS bigira ingaruka kuburyo butaziguye ibisubizo byigana.Mubusanzwe, IBIS irashobora gufatwa nkamakuru aranga amashanyarazi yumuzunguruko uhwanye na chip nyayo ya chip I / O, mubisanzwe ushobora kuboneka muguhindura moderi ya SPICE, kandi amakuru ya SPICE afite umubano wuzuye nogukora chip, bityo igikoresho kimwe gitangwa nabakora chip zitandukanye.Ibyatanzwe muri SPICE biratandukanye, kandi amakuru yo muburyo bwa IBIS yahinduwe nayo azaba atandukanye.
Nukuvuga ko, niba ibikoresho byabakora A bikoreshwa, gusa bafite ubushobozi bwo gutanga amakuru yicyitegererezo yukuri yibikoresho byabo, kuko ntawundi ubizi neza kubarusha gutunganya ibikoresho byabo.Niba IBIS itangwa nuwabikoze idahwitse, igisubizo cyonyine nugukomeza gusaba uwabikoze gutera imbere.
30. Mugihe utegura PCBs yihuta, ni ubuhe buryo abashushanya bagomba gusuzuma amategeko ya EMC na EMI?
Muri rusange, igishushanyo cya EMI / EMC gikeneye gusuzuma ibintu byerekanwe kandi byakozwe.Iyambere ni iyumurongo wo hejuru (≥30MHz) naho iyanyuma ni igice cyo hasi (≤30MHz).
Ntushobora rero kwitondera gusa inshuro nyinshi kandi wirengagize igice gito.Igishushanyo cyiza cya EMI / EMC kigomba kuzirikana umwanya wigikoresho, imitunganyirize yikibaho cya PCB, inzira yingenzi ihuza, guhitamo igikoresho, nibindi mugitangira imiterere.Niba nta gahunda nziza ihari mbere, irashobora gukemurwa nyuma Bizabona ibisubizo kabiri hamwe nigice cyimbaraga no kongera ikiguzi.
Kurugero, umwanya wa generator yisaha ntugomba kuba hafi yumuhuza wo hanze uko bishoboka kwose, ikimenyetso cyihuta kigomba kujya murwego rwimbere uko bishoboka kwose kandi ukitondera ubudahwema kuranga inzitizi ziranga guhuza hamwe na Icyerekezo kugirango ugabanye ibitekerezo, kandi ahantu hahanamye (igipimo cyoroshye) cyikimenyetso cyasunitswe nigikoresho kigomba kuba gito gishoboka kugirango ugabanye hejuru Mugihe uhitamo capacitor ya decoupling / bypass, witondere niba igisubizo cyayo cyujuje ibisabwa kugirango ugabanye urusaku rw'indege.
Mubyongeyeho, witondere inzira yo kugaruka yumuvuduko mwinshi wikimenyetso kugirango uhindure agace gato cyane gashoboka (nukuvuga, impinging ya loop ni nto ishoboka) kugirango ugabanye imirasire.Birashoboka kandi kugenzura urwego rwurusaku rwinshi mugabanye imiterere.Hanyuma, hitamo neza ingingo yibanze ya PCB nurubanza (hasi ya chassis).
31. Nigute ushobora guhitamo ibikoresho bya EDA?
Muri software igezweho ya pcb, isesengura ryumuriro ntabwo ari ingingo ikomeye, ntabwo rero ari byiza kuyikoresha.Kubindi bikorwa 1.3.4, urashobora guhitamo PADS cyangwa Cadence, kandi imikorere nigipimo cyibiciro nibyiza.Abitangira mugushushanya kwa PLD barashobora gukoresha ibidukikije byahujwe bitangwa nabakora chip ya PLD, kandi ibikoresho byingingo imwe birashobora gukoreshwa mugushushanya amarembo arenga miliyoni.
32. Nyamuneka saba porogaramu ya EDA ikwiranye no gutunganya ibimenyetso byihuse.
Kubishushanyo mbonera byumuzunguruko, PADS ya INNOVEDA nibyiza cyane, kandi hariho software igereranya, kandi ubu bwoko bwibishushanyo bukunze kuba 70% bya porogaramu.Kuburyo bwihuse bwumuzunguruko, kugereranya hamwe na sisitemu ivanze yumuzingi, igisubizo cya Cadence kigomba kuba software ifite imikorere myiza nigiciro.Nibyo, imikorere ya Mentor iracyari nziza cyane, cyane cyane imicungire yimikorere yayo igomba kuba nziza.
33. Ibisobanuro kubisobanuro bya buri cyiciro cyubuyobozi bwa PCB
Topoverlay —- izina ryigikoresho cyo murwego rwohejuru, nanone cyitwa top silkscreen cyangwa umugani wo hejuru, nka R1 C5,
IC10. noneho padi yayo izagaragara gusa kurwego rwo hejuru.
34. Ni ubuhe buryo bukwiye kwitabwaho mugushushanya, kugendana no gutondekanya PCBs nyinshi cyane hejuru ya 2G?
Umuvuduko mwinshi PCBs hejuru ya 2G ni mubishushanyo mbonera bya radiyo yumurongo wa radiyo, kandi ntabwo biri murwego rwo kuganira kubyerekeranye nigishushanyo cyihuta cyumurongo.Imiterere ninzira yumuzunguruko wa RF bigomba gusuzumwa hamwe nigishushanyo mbonera, kuko imiterere ninzira bizatera ingaruka zo gukwirakwiza.
Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe byubaka mugushushanya kwizunguruka rya RF bigerwaho binyuze mubisobanuro bya parametric hamwe na feza idasanzwe.Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bya EDA birasabwa gutanga ibikoresho byerekana no guhindura umuringa udasanzwe.
Ubuyobozi bwa Mentor bufite module yabugenewe ya RF yujuje ibi bisabwa.Byongeye kandi, igishushanyo mbonera cya radiyo rusange gisaba ibikoresho byihariye byo gusesengura imirongo ya radiyo, icyamamare mu nganda ni eesoft ya agilent, ifite intera nziza hamwe nibikoresho bya Mentor.
35. Kubishushanyo mbonera bya PCB hejuru ya 2G, ni ayahe mategeko igishushanyo cya microstrip gikwiye gukurikiza?
Kubishushanyo mbonera ya microstrip ya RF, birakenewe gukoresha ibikoresho byo gusesengura umurima wa 3D kugirango ukuremo ibipimo byoherejwe.Amategeko yose agomba gutomorwa muriki gikoresho cyo gukuramo.
36. Kuri PCB ifite ibimenyetso byose bya digitale, hano hari isoko ya 80MHz.Usibye gukoresha inshundura (insinga), ni ubuhe bwoko bw'umuzunguruko ugomba gukoreshwa mu kurinda kugira ngo ubushobozi buhagije bwo gutwara?
Kugirango umenye ubushobozi bwo gutwara isaha, ntibigomba kugerwaho binyuze mukurinda.Mubisanzwe, isaha ikoreshwa mugutwara chip.Muri rusange impungenge zijyanye nubushobozi bwo gutwara amasaha ziterwa numuzigo wamasaha menshi.Chip yumushoferi yisaha ikoreshwa muguhindura ibimenyetso byisaha imwe muri byinshi, kandi ingingo-ku-ngingo ihuza.Mugihe uhitamo chip ya shoferi, usibye kwemeza ko ahanini ihuye numutwaro kandi ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso byujuje ibisabwa (muri rusange, isaha ni ikimenyetso cyerekana neza), mugihe ubara igihe cya sisitemu, gutinda kw'isaha muri shoferi chip igomba kwitabwaho.
37. Niba ikoreshwa ryikimenyetso cyisaha cyihariye, ni ubuhe bwoko bwa interineti bukoreshwa kugirango tumenye neza ko ihererekanyabubasha ry’isaha ridafite ingaruka nke?
Igihe kigufi ibimenyetso byamasaha, ningaruka zohereza umurongo.Gukoresha ikimenyetso cyamasaha yihariye bizongera ibimenyetso byerekana inzira.Kandi gutanga amashanyarazi kubutaka nabyo ni ikibazo.Kumurongo muremure, birasabwa gukoresha ibimenyetso bitandukanye.Ingano ya L irashobora kuba yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa, ariko isaha yawe ntabwo yihuta, ntabwo ari ngombwa.
38.Usibye kugabanya umurongo uburebure, ni ubuhe buryo bundi buryo bwiza?
Niba ihuza rya gatatu ari rinini kandi ihuriro rya kabiri ni rito, birashobora kuba kubera ko ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso byerekana ko ari 50%, kuko muriki gihe, ibimenyetso ntaho bihurira.Muri iki gihe, birakenewe guhindura ibimenyetso byinshingano.Mubyongeyeho, niba ikimenyetso cyamasaha kidafite icyerekezo, inkomoko yanyuma ikurikirana ikoreshwa muri rusange.Ibi bihagarika ibitekerezo bya kabiri bitagize ingaruka ku gipimo cyisaha.Agaciro gahuye nisoko yanyuma irashobora kuboneka ukoresheje formula mumashusho hepfo.
39. Topologiya ya wiring niyihe?
Topologiya, bimwe byitwa inzira yo gutondeka.Kuburyo bwo gutondekanya imiyoboro myinshi ihuza imiyoboro.
40. Nigute ushobora guhindura topologiya ya wiring kugirango uzamure ubusugire bwikimenyetso?
Ubu bwoko bwurusobekerane rwibimenyetso biraruhije cyane, kuberako kubwinzira imwe, inzira ebyiri, hamwe nibimenyetso byinzego zitandukanye, topologiya ifite ingaruka zitandukanye, kandi biragoye kuvuga topologiya ifitiye akamaro ubwiza bwibimenyetso.Byongeye kandi, mugihe ukora pre-simulation, topologiya yo gukoresha isaba cyane injeniyeri, kandi bisaba gusobanukirwa amahame yumuzunguruko, ubwoko bwibimenyetso, ndetse ningorane zo kwifuza.
41. Nigute wagabanya ibibazo bya EMI utegura stackup?
Mbere ya byose, EMI igomba kurebwa muri sisitemu, kandi PCB yonyine ntishobora gukemura ikibazo.Kuri EMI, ndatekereza ko gutondekanya ahanini ari ugutanga inzira ngufi yo kugaruka inzira, kugabanya agace kegeranye, no guhagarika uburyo butandukanye bwo kwivanga.Mubyongeyeho, urwego rwubutaka hamwe nimbaraga zashizwe hamwe, kandi kwaguka ni binini kurenza urwego rwingufu, bikaba byiza muguhagarika uburyo-busanzwe bwo kwivanga.
42. Kuki hashyizweho umuringa?
Mubisanzwe, hariho impamvu nyinshi zo gushyira umuringa.
1. EMC.Kubutaka bunini cyangwa amashanyarazi atanga umuringa, bizagira uruhare mukurinda, kandi bimwe bidasanzwe, nka PGND, bizagira uruhare mukurinda.
2. Ibisabwa muri PCB.Mubisanzwe, kugirango hamenyekane ingaruka za electroplating cyangwa lamination nta guhindura, umuringa ushyirwa kumurongo wa PCB ufite insinga nke.
3. Ibimenyetso byerekana ubunyangamugayo, tanga ibimenyetso byinshi bya digitale yerekana inzira yuzuye yo kugaruka, kandi ugabanye insinga zumuyoboro wa DC.Byumvikane ko, hari n'impamvu zo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, kwishyiriraho ibikoresho bidasanzwe bisaba gushyira umuringa, nibindi.
43. Muri sisitemu, dsp na pld zirimo, ni ibihe bibazo bigomba kwitabwaho mugihe wiring?
Reba igipimo cyikimenyetso cyawe kuburebure bwa wiring.Niba gutinda kw'ikimenyetso kumurongo woherejwe bigereranywa nigihe cyo guhindura ibimenyetso, ikibazo cyuburinganire bwikimenyetso kigomba gusuzumwa.Mubyongeyeho, kuri DSP nyinshi, isaha namakuru yerekana ibimenyetso byerekana topologiya nabyo bizagira ingaruka kumiterere yikimenyetso nigihe gikeneye kwitabwaho.
44. Usibye kwifashisha ibikoresho bya protel, hari ibindi bikoresho byiza?
Kubijyanye nibikoresho, usibye PROTEL, hari ibikoresho byinshi byo gukoresha insinga, nka WG2000 ya MENTOR, serivise ya EN2000 na powerpcb, Cadence's allegro, cadstar wa zuken, cr5000, nibindi, buriwese afite imbaraga.
45. “Inzira yo kugaruka ibimenyetso” ni iki?
Inzira yo kugaruka inzira, ni ukuvuga, kugaruka kurubu.Iyo ibimenyetso byihuta byihuta byerekanwa, ikimenyetso gitemba kiva mumushoferi kumurongo wa PCB ugana kumuzigo, hanyuma umutwaro ugaruka kumushoferi urangirira kubutaka cyangwa amashanyarazi binyuze munzira ngufi.
Iki kimenyetso cyo kugaruka kubutaka cyangwa gutanga amashanyarazi byitwa inzira yo kugaruka.Dr.Johnson yasobanuye mu gitabo cye ko gukwirakwiza ibimenyetso by’umuvuduko mwinshi mu byukuri ari inzira yo kwishyuza ubushobozi bwa dielectric bwashyizwe hagati y'umurongo w'itumanaho n'urwego rwa DC.Icyo SI isesengura ni electromagnetic yibiranga uru ruzitiro no guhuza hagati yabo.
46. Nigute wakora isesengura rya SI kubahuza?
Mubisobanuro bya IBIS3.2, hari ibisobanuro byerekana moderi ihuza.Mubisanzwe ukoreshe icyitegererezo cya EBD.Niba ari ikibaho kidasanzwe, nkindege yinyuma, moderi ya SPICE irakenewe.Urashobora kandi gukoresha software yigana ibice byinshi (HYPERLYNX cyangwa IS_multiboard).Mugihe wubaka sisitemu-sisitemu nyinshi, shyiramo ibipimo byo gukwirakwiza ibice, mubisanzwe biboneka mubitabo byihuza.Nibyo, ubu buryo ntabwo buzaba bwuzuye bihagije, ariko mugihe cyose buri murwego rwemewe.
47. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo guhagarika?
Kurangiza (terminal), bizwi kandi guhuza.Mubisanzwe, ukurikije imyanya ihuye, igabanijwemo ibikorwa byanyuma bihuza hamwe na terminal ihuza.Muri byo, inkomoko ihuza muri rusange irwanya urukurikirane ruhuza, kandi guhuza guhuza ni rusange guhuza.Hariho inzira nyinshi, zirimo gukurura rezistor, gukurura-gukurura, guhuza Thevenin, guhuza AC, no guhuza diode ya Schottky.
48. Ni ibihe bintu bigena inzira yo kurangiza (guhuza)?
Uburyo bwo guhuza bugenwa muri rusange nuburanga bwa BUFFER, imiterere ya topologiya, ubwoko bwurwego nuburyo bwo guca imanza, kandi ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso byerekana uburyo bwo gukoresha ingufu hamwe na sisitemu yo gukoresha ingufu.
49. Ni ayahe mategeko agenga inzira yo guhagarika (guhuza)?
Ikibazo gikomeye cyane muburyo bwa digitale nikibazo cyigihe.Intego yo kongeramo guhuza ni ukunoza ubwiza bwibimenyetso no kubona ibimenyetso bifatika mugihe cyurubanza.Kurwego rwibimenyetso bifatika, ubuziranenge bwibimenyetso burahagaze hashingiwe ku gushiraho no gufata igihe;kubimenyetso byatinze neza, hashingiwe ku kwemeza ibimenyetso bitinda monotonicity, umuvuduko wo guhindura ibimenyetso byihuta byujuje ibisabwa.Hano haribintu bimwe bihuye mugitabo cya Mentor ICX.
Byongeye kandi, "High Speed Digital design book hand of blackmagic" ifite igice cyeguriwe itumanaho, gisobanura uruhare rwo guhuza uburinganire bwibimenyetso biturutse ku ihame ry’umuriro wa electronique, ushobora gukoreshwa mu kwifashisha.
50. Nshobora gukoresha icyitegererezo cya IBIS cyigikoresho kugirango nigane imikorere ya logique?Niba atari byo, nigute urwego rwubuyobozi na sisitemu-urwego rwo kwigana ruzunguruka?
Moderi ya IBIS nicyitegererezo cyimyitwarire kandi ntishobora gukoreshwa mubikorwa byo kwigana.Kubigero bikora, moderi ya SPICE cyangwa izindi moderi-urwego rwimiterere irakenewe.
51. Muri sisitemu aho imibare nigereranya bibana, hariho uburyo bubiri bwo gutunganya.Imwe ni ugutandukanya sisitemu ya sisitemu nubutaka busa.Amasaro arahujwe, ariko amashanyarazi ntatandukanijwe;ikindi nuko amashanyarazi asa nogutanga amashanyarazi bitandukanijwe kandi bigahuzwa na FB, kandi ubutaka nubutaka bumwe.Ndashaka kubaza Bwana Li, niba ingaruka zubu buryo bubiri ari zimwe?
Bikwiye kuvugwa ko ari kimwe muri rusange.Kuberako imbaraga nubutaka bihwanye nibimenyetso byinshyi.
Intego yo gutandukanya ibice bisa nibice bya digitale ni ukurwanya kwivanga, cyane cyane kwivanga kwinzira ya sisitemu kumuzingo wa analog.Nyamara, ibice bishobora kuvamo inzira ituzuye yo kugaruka, bigira ingaruka kumiterere yikimenyetso cya digitale kandi bigira ingaruka kumiterere ya EMC ya sisitemu.
Kubwibyo, uko indege yaba igabanijwe, biterwa nimba inzira yo kugaruka inzira yagutse nuburyo ibimenyetso byo kugaruka bibangamira ibimenyetso bisanzwe byakazi.Noneho hariho n'ibishushanyo bimwe bivanze, utitaye kumashanyarazi nubutaka, mugihe washyizeho, tandukanya imiterere nu nsinga ukurikije igice cya digitale nigice kimwe kugirango wirinde ibimenyetso byambukiranya uturere.
52. Amabwiriza yumutekano: Ni ubuhe busobanuro bwihariye bwa FCC na EMC?
FCC: komisiyo ishinzwe itumanaho muri komisiyo ishinzwe itumanaho muri Amerika
EMC: guhuza amashanyarazi ya elegitoroniki
FCC nishyirahamwe risanzwe, EMC nibisanzwe.Hariho impamvu zihuye, ibipimo nuburyo bwo kwipimisha gutangaza ibipimo.
53. Isaranganya ritandukanye ni iki?
Ibimenyetso bitandukanye, bimwe muribi nabyo byitwa ibimenyetso bitandukanye, koresha ibimenyetso bibiri bisa, bihabanye-polarite kugirango wohereze umuyoboro umwe wamakuru, kandi ushingiye kubitandukanya urwego rwibimenyetso byombi kugirango ucire urubanza.Kugirango tumenye neza ko ibimenyetso byombi bihuye neza, bigomba kubikwa mu gihe kimwe, kandi ubugari bwumurongo n'umurongo bitandukanijwe.
54. Porogaramu yo kwigana PCB ni izihe?
Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwokwigana, kwihuta kwihuta rya sisitemu yumuzunguruko yerekana isesengura ryisesengura (SI) ikoreshwa cyane ni icx, signalvision, hyperlynx, XTK, spectraquest, nibindi. Bamwe bakoresha Hspice.
55. Nigute software yigana PCB ikora simulation ya LAYOUT?
Mumuvuduko wihuse wumurongo wa digitale, murwego rwo kunoza ubwiza bwibimenyetso no kugabanya ingorane zo gukoresha insinga, imbaho nyinshi zirakoreshwa mugushiraho ingufu zidasanzwe hamwe nubutaka.
56. Nigute ushobora guhangana nimiterere hamwe ninsinga kugirango umenye neza ibimenyetso bya 50M
Urufunguzo rwihuta rwihuta rwibikoresho bya digitale ni ukugabanya ingaruka zumurongo wogukwirakwiza kumiterere yikimenyetso.Kubwibyo, imiterere yibimenyetso byihuta hejuru ya 100M bisaba ko ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso bigufi bishoboka.Muburyo bwa sisitemu, ibimenyetso byihuta bisobanurwa nigihe cyo gutinda kuzamuka.Byongeye kandi, ubwoko butandukanye bwibimenyetso (nka TTL, GTL, LVTTL) bufite uburyo butandukanye bwo kwemeza ubuziranenge bwibimenyetso.
57. Igice cya RF cyigice cyo hanze, igice giciriritse hagati, ndetse nigice gito cyumuzunguruko ukurikirana igice cyo hanze gikunze koherezwa kuri PCB imwe.Nibihe bisabwa kubikoresho bya PCB?Nigute wabuza RF, NIBA ndetse numuyoboro muke muto utabangamirana?
Igishushanyo mbonera cya Hybrid nikibazo kinini.Biragoye kubona igisubizo cyiza.
Mubisanzwe, umurongo wa radiyo yumurongo washyizweho kandi ugakoreshwa nkubuyobozi bumwe bwigenga muri sisitemu, ndetse hariho na cavite idasanzwe yo gukingira.Byongeye kandi, umuzenguruko wa RF muri rusange ni uruhande rumwe cyangwa uruhande rumwe, kandi uruziga ruroroshye, ibyo byose bigomba kugabanya ingaruka kumiterere yikwirakwizwa ryumuzunguruko wa RFI no kunoza imikorere ya sisitemu ya RF.
Ugereranije nibikoresho rusange bya FR4, imbaho zumuzunguruko wa RF zikunda gukoresha substrate yo hejuru.Dielectric ihoraho yibi bikoresho ni ntoya, ubushobozi bwagabanijwe bwumurongo wohereza ni buto, impedance ni ndende, kandi gutinda kwerekanwa ni bito.Mu gishushanyo mbonera cy’imvange, nubwo RF na sisitemu ya sisitemu yubatswe kuri PCB imwe, muri rusange igabanijwemo agace k’umuzunguruko wa RF hamwe n’akarere ka sisitemu, byashyizwe hamwe kandi bigatandukana.Koresha vias yubutaka hamwe nudukingirizo dusanduku hagati yabo.
58. Kubice bya RF, igice giciriritse igice nigice gito cyumuzunguruko gishyirwa kuri PCB imwe, ni uwuhe mujyanama ufite igisubizo?
Porogaramu yubuyobozi bwa sisitemu yubuyobozi bwa sisitemu, usibye ibikorwa byibanze byumuzunguruko, ifite kandi module yihariye ya RF.Muri moderi ya RF igishushanyo mbonera, icyitegererezo cyibikoresho cyatanzwe, hamwe ninteruro zombi hamwe nisesengura ryumuzunguruko wa RF hamwe nibikoresho byo kwigana nka EESOFT biratangwa;muri module ya RF LAYOUT, imikorere yo guhindura uburyo bukoreshwa cyane cyane kumiterere yumuzunguruko wa RF hamwe nu nsinga biratangwa, kandi hariho nuburyo bubiri bwibice bibiri byisesengura ryumuzunguruko wa RF hamwe nibikoresho byigana nka EESOFT birashobora guhindura-kuranga ibisubizo byisesengura kandi kwigana gusubira ku gishushanyo mbonera na PCB.
Mugihe kimwe, ukoresheje igishushanyo mbonera cyimikorere ya software ya Mentor, kongera gukoresha igishushanyo, ibishushanyo mbonera, hamwe nigishushanyo mbonera gishobora kugerwaho byoroshye.Kwihutisha cyane gahunda yo gushushanya ibizunguruka.Ikibaho cya terefone igendanwa nigishushanyo gisanzwe kivanze cyumuzunguruko, kandi nabakora inganda nini nini za terefone ngendanwa bakoresha Mentor wongeyeho eesoft ya Angelon nkurubuga rwo gushushanya.
59. Imiterere y'ibicuruzwa bya Mentor ni ubuhe?
Mentor Graphics 'PCB ibikoresho birimo PC ya WG (yahoze ari veribest) hamwe na Enterprises (boardstation).
60. Nigute porogaramu ya PC ya Mentor ya PCB ishigikira BGA, PGA, COB nibindi bikoresho?
Mentor's autoactive RE, yatejwe imbere no kugura Veribest, niyo nganda yambere ya gridless, inzira iyo ari yo yose.Nkuko twese tubizi, kumipira ya gride ya array, ibikoresho bya COB, gridless, na rouge iyo ari yo yose ni urufunguzo rwo gukemura igipimo cyerekezo.Muri autoactive auto iheruka, imikorere nko gusunika vias, umuringa wumuringa, REROUTE, nibindi byongeweho kugirango byoroshye gukoreshwa.Mubyongeyeho, ashyigikira inzira yihuta cyane, harimo ibimenyetso byerekana inzira hamwe no gutandukanya gutandukana hamwe nibisabwa gutinda.
61. Nigute porogaramu ya PCB ya Mentor ikora PC ikora imirongo itandukanye?
Nyuma ya software ya Mentor isobanura ibiranga itandukaniro ryombi, ibice bibiri bitandukanye birashobora guhurizwa hamwe, kandi ubugari bwumurongo, intera nuburebure bwikinyuranyo byombi biremewe rwose.Barashobora gutandukana byikora mugihe bahuye nimbogamizi, kandi hakoreshejwe uburyo burashobora guhitamo mugihe uhinduye ibice.
62. Ku kibaho cya PCB igizwe na 12, hari ibice bitatu bitanga amashanyarazi 2.2v, 3.3v, 5v, kandi buri kimwe muri bitatu bitanga amashanyarazi kiri kumurongo umwe.Nigute ushobora guhangana ninsinga zubutaka?
Muri rusange, ibikoresho bitatu byamashanyarazi bitunganijwe muburyo bwa gatatu, nibyiza kubiranga ibimenyetso.Kuberako bidashoboka ko ibimenyetso bizacikamo ibice byindege.Kwambukiranya ibice ni ikintu gikomeye kigira ingaruka ku bwiza bwibimenyetso bikunze kwirengagizwa na software yigana.Ku ndege zingufu nindege zubutaka, bihwanye nibimenyetso byumuvuduko mwinshi.Mubikorwa, usibye gusuzuma ubuziranenge bwibimenyetso, guhuza ingufu zindege (gukoresha indege yegeranye kugirango ugabanye AC inzitizi yindege yingufu) hamwe no guhuza ibice byose nibintu bigomba kwitabwaho.
63. Nigute ushobora kugenzura niba PCB yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa mugihe ivuye muruganda?
Benshi mubakora PCB bagomba kunyura mumashanyarazi kumurongo mugihe cyo gutunganya PCB birangiye kugirango barebe ko amahuza yose ari meza.Muri icyo gihe, abayikora benshi kandi benshi nabo bakoresha ibizamini bya x-ray kugirango barebe amakosa amwe mugihe cyo kurigata cyangwa kumurika.
Ku kibaho cyarangiye nyuma yo gutunganya ibipapuro, igenzura rya ICT rikoreshwa muri rusange, bisaba kongeramo amanota yikizamini cya ICT mugihe cyo gushushanya PCB.Niba hari ikibazo, igikoresho cyihariye cyo kugenzura X-ray nacyo gishobora gukoreshwa kugirango wirinde niba amakosa yatewe no gutunganya.
64. Ese "kurinda uburyo" ni ukurinda ikariso?
Yego.Ikariso igomba kuba ikomeye cyane, igakoresha ibikoresho bike cyangwa ntabyo, kandi bigashyirwa hasi bishoboka.
65. Birakenewe gusuzuma ikibazo cya esd ya chip ubwayo muguhitamo chip?
Yaba ikibaho cyibice bibiri cyangwa ikibaho kinini, ubuso bwubutaka bugomba kongerwa uko bishoboka.Mugihe uhisemo chip, ibiranga ESD biranga chip ubwayo bigomba kwitabwaho.Mubisanzwe byavuzwe mubisobanuro bya chip, ndetse nibikorwa bya chip imwe biva mubakora bitandukanye bizaba bitandukanye.
Witondere cyane igishushanyo kandi ubitekerezeho neza, kandi imikorere yinama yumuzunguruko izemezwa kurwego runaka.Ariko ikibazo cya ESD kirashobora kugaragara, kurinda umuryango nabyo ni ngombwa cyane mukurinda ESD.
66. Mugihe ukora ikibaho cya pcb, kugirango ugabanye kwivanga, insinga yubutaka igomba gukora ifunze?
Mugihe ukora ikibaho cya PCB, mubisanzwe, birakenewe kugabanya ubuso bwumuzingi kugirango ugabanye kwivanga.Iyo ushyira insinga hasi, ntigomba gushyirwaho muburyo bufunze, ahubwo muburyo bwa dendritic.Ubuso bw'isi.
67. Niba uwigana akoresha amashanyarazi amwe kandi ikibaho cya pcb gikoresha amashanyarazi amwe, ibibanza byamashanyarazi byombi bigomba guhuzwa hamwe?
Byaba byiza hashobora gukoreshwa amashanyarazi atandukanye, kuko ntibyoroshye gutera intambamyi hagati yumuriro w'amashanyarazi, ariko ibyinshi mubikoresho bifite ibisabwa byihariye.Kubera ko abigana hamwe nubuyobozi bwa PCB bakoresha ibikoresho bibiri byamashanyarazi, sinkeka ko bagomba kugabana kubutaka bumwe.
68. Umuzunguruko ugizwe nibibaho byinshi bya pcb.Bakwiye gusangira ubutaka?
Umuzunguruko ugizwe na PCB nyinshi, inyinshi murizo zisaba aho zihurira, kuko ntabwo ari byiza gukoresha ibikoresho byinshi mumashanyarazi.Ariko niba ufite ibihe byihariye, urashobora gukoresha amashanyarazi atandukanye, birumvikana ko interineti izaba nto.
69. Shushanya ibicuruzwa byabigenewe hamwe na LCD hamwe nicyuma.Iyo ugerageza ESD, ntishobora gutsinda ikizamini cya ICE-1000-4-2, CONTACT irashobora gutsinda 1100V gusa, naho AIR irashobora gutsinda 6000V.Mu kizamini cyo guhuza ESD, horizontal irashobora gutsinda 3000V gusa, naho vertical irashobora gutsinda 4000V.Umuyoboro wa CPU ni 33MHZ.Hariho uburyo bwo gutsinda ikizamini cya ESD?
Ibicuruzwa byabigenewe ni ibyuma, bityo ibibazo bya ESD bigomba kugaragara cyane, kandi LCDs nayo ishobora kugira ibintu bibi byinshi.Niba nta buryo bwo guhindura ibikoresho byuma bihari, birasabwa kongeramo ibikoresho birwanya amashanyarazi imbere yuburyo bwo gushimangira ubutaka bwa PCB, kandi icyarimwe ugashaka uburyo bwo guhagarika LCD.Birumvikana ko uburyo bwo gukora buterwa nibihe byihariye.
70. Mugihe utegura sisitemu irimo DSP na PLD, ni ubuhe buryo ESD igomba kwitabwaho?
Kubijyanye na sisitemu rusange, ibice bifitanye isano itaziguye numubiri wumuntu bigomba gutekerezwa cyane cyane, kandi uburinzi bukwiye bugomba gukorwa kumuzunguruko no muburyo.Kubijyanye ningaruka ESD izagira kuri sisitemu, biterwa nibihe bitandukanye.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Werurwe-19-2023