Mitundu yayikulu ya ma microcircuits opangidwa ndi makampani a semiconductor

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Pali mitundu iwiri ya tchipisi chopangidwa ndi makampani a semiconductor.Nthawi zambiri, tchipisi timagawidwa molingana ndi ntchito yawo.Komabe, nthawi zina amagawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera dera lophatikizika (IC) lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Pankhani ya ntchito, magulu anayi akuluakulu a semiconductors ndi tchipisi tokumbukira, ma microprocessors, tchipisi chokhazikika, ndi makina ovuta pa chip (SoC).Malinga ndi mtundu wa chigawo chophatikizika, tchipisi zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu: tchipisi ta digito, tchipisi ta analogi ndi tchipisi tambiri.
Kuchokera pamawonedwe ogwirira ntchito, ma semiconductor memory chips amasunga deta ndi mapulogalamu pamakompyuta ndi zida zosungira.
Tchipisi zongofikira kukumbukira (RAM) zimapereka malo antchito kwakanthawi, pomwe ma flash memory chips amasunga zidziwitso kwamuyaya (pokhapokha zitafufutidwa).tchipisi cha Read Only Memory (ROM) ndi Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) sizingasinthidwe.Mosiyana ndi izi, tchipisi tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kuwerengera (EPROM) ndi tchipisi tomwe timatha kuzimitsa (EEPROM) totha kusintha.
Microprocessor imakhala ndi gawo limodzi kapena zingapo zapakati (CPUs).Ma seva apakompyuta, makompyuta anu (ma PC), mapiritsi ndi mafoni a m'manja amatha kukhala ndi mapurosesa angapo.
Ma 32-bit ndi 64-bit microprocessors m'ma PC ndi ma seva amasiku ano amachokera ku x86, POWER, ndi SPARC chip zomangamanga zomwe zidapangidwa zaka zambiri zapitazo.Kumbali ina, zida zam'manja monga mafoni am'manja nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito kamangidwe ka ARM chip.Ma 8-bit, 16-bit, ndi 24-bit microprocessors (otchedwa microcontrollers) opanda mphamvu kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu monga zoseweretsa ndi magalimoto.
Mwaukadaulo, graphics processing unit (GPU) ndi microprocessor yomwe imatha kutulutsa zithunzi kuti ziwonetsedwe pazida zamagetsi.Adadziwitsidwa pamsika wamba mu 1999, ma GPU amadziwika popereka zithunzi zosalala zomwe ogula amayembekezera kuchokera ku kanema wamakono ndi masewera.
GPU isanabwere chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, kujambula zithunzi kunkachitidwa ndi central processing unit (CPU).Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana ndi CPU, GPU imatha kukonza magwiridwe antchito apakompyuta potsitsa ntchito zina zofunika kwambiri, monga kupereka, kuchokera ku CPU.Izi zimafulumizitsa kukonza mapulogalamu chifukwa GPU imatha kuwerengera nthawi imodzi.Kusinthaku kumathandizanso kupanga mapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri komanso ogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri monga migodi ya cryptocurrency.
Industrial Integrated circuits (CICs) ndi ma microcircuits osavuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga njira zobwerezabwereza.Tchipisi izi zimapangidwa mokweza kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi monga ma barcode scanner.Msika wamagawo ophatikizika azinthu umadziwika ndi malire otsika ndipo umayang'aniridwa ndi opanga ma semiconductor akulu aku Asia.Ngati IC idapangidwa ndi cholinga china, imatchedwa ASIC kapena Application Specific Integrated Circuit.Mwachitsanzo, migodi ya bitcoin lero ikuchitidwa mothandizidwa ndi ASIC, yomwe imagwira ntchito imodzi yokha: migodi.Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) ndi IC ina yokhazikika yomwe imatha kusinthidwa kuti igwirizane ndi zomwe opanga amapanga.
SoC (kachitidwe pa chip) ndi imodzi mwamitundu yatsopano kwambiri ya tchipisi komanso yotchuka kwambiri ndi opanga atsopano.Mu SoC, zida zonse zamagetsi zomwe zimafunikira dongosolo lonse zimamangidwa mu chip chimodzi.Ma SoC ndi osinthika kwambiri kuposa tchipisi tating'onoting'ono, omwe nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza CPU ndi RAM, ROM, ndi input/output (I/O).Mu mafoni a m'manja, SoCs imathanso kuphatikiza zithunzi, makamera, ndi ma audio ndi makanema.Kuonjezera chip chowongolera ndi chipangizo cha wailesi kumapanga njira yothetsera katatu.
Potengera njira yosiyana yogawa tchipisi, mapurosesa ambiri amakono amakompyuta amagwiritsa ntchito mabwalo a digito.Mabwalo awa nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza ma transistors ndi zipata zomveka.Nthawi zina microcontroller imawonjezeredwa.Mabwalo a digito amagwiritsa ntchito ma siginecha a digito, nthawi zambiri kutengera kagawo kakang'ono.Ma voltages awiri osiyana amaperekedwa, iliyonse ikuyimira mtengo womveka wosiyana.
Tchipisi za analogi zasinthidwa kwambiri (koma osati kwathunthu) m'malo mwa digito.Tchipisi zamphamvu nthawi zambiri zimakhala tchipisi ta analogi.Zizindikiro za Wideband zimafunikirabe ma analogi IC ndipo zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito ngati masensa.M'mabwalo a analogi, ma voltage ndi apano akusintha mosalekeza m'malo ena ozungulira.
Ma analogi IC nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza ma transistors ndi zinthu zina zongokhala ngati ma inductors, capacitors, ndi resistors.Ma IC a analogi amatha kukhala ndi phokoso kapena kusintha pang'ono kwamagetsi, zomwe zingayambitse zolakwika.
Ma semiconductors a mabwalo osakanizidwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ma IC a digito okhala ndi ukadaulo wowonjezera womwe umagwira ntchito ndi ma analogi ndi digito.Ma Microcontrollers angaphatikizepo chosinthira cha analog-to-digital (ADC) kuti chigwirizane ndi ma analogi ma microcircuits monga masensa a kutentha.
Mosiyana ndi izi, chosinthira cha digito-to-analog (DAC) chimalola wowongolera kuti apange magetsi a analogi kuti atumize mawu kudzera pa chipangizo cha analogi.
Makampani a semiconductor ndi opindulitsa komanso amphamvu, akupanga magawo ambiri amisika yamakompyuta ndi zamagetsi.Kudziwa ndi mitundu yanji yamakampani opanga ma semiconductors omwe amapanga monga ma CPU, ma GPU, ma ASIC atha kukuthandizani kupanga zisankho zanzeru komanso zodziwitsa zambiri m'magulu amakampani.