PCB (Bungwe Losindikizidwa Lozungulira), dzina lachi China ndi bolodi losindikizidwa, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti bolodi losindikizidwa, ndilofunika kwambiri pakompyuta, kuthandizira zipangizo zamagetsi, ndi chonyamulira cholumikizira magetsi chamagulu amagetsi.Chifukwa chakuti amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira amagetsi, amatchedwa bolodi "losindikizidwa".
1. Kodi kusankha PCB bolodi?
Kusankhidwa kwa bolodi la PCB kuyenera kukhala koyenera pakati pa zomwe mukufuna kupanga, kupanga misa ndi mtengo.Zofunikira pakupanga zimakhala ndi zida zamagetsi komanso zamakina.Nthawi zambiri nkhaniyi imakhala yofunika kwambiri popanga matabwa a PCB othamanga kwambiri (ma frequency akulu kuposa GHz).
Mwachitsanzo, zinthu za FR-4 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano sizingakhale zoyenera chifukwa kutayika kwa dielectric pafupipafupi kwa ma GHz angapo kudzakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pakuchepetsa ma sign.Ponena za magetsi, ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa ngati dielectric constant (dielectric constant) ndi dielectric loss ndizoyenera ma frequency opangidwa.
2. Kodi mungapewe bwanji kusokoneza kwafupipafupi?
Lingaliro lofunikira popewa kusokonezedwa ndi ma frequency apamwamba ndikuchepetsa kusokonezedwa kwa minda yama electromagnetic ma frequency apamwamba, omwe amatchedwa crosstalk (Crosstalk).Mukhoza kuonjezera mtunda pakati pa chizindikiro chothamanga kwambiri ndi chizindikiro cha analogi, kapena kuwonjezera madontho apansi / shunt pafupi ndi chizindikiro cha analogi.Komanso tcherani khutu ku kusokoneza kwa phokoso la digito pansi pa nthaka ya analogi.
3. Mu mapangidwe apamwamba, momwe mungathetsere vuto la kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro?
Kukhulupirika kwa Signal kwenikweni ndi nkhani yofananira ndi impedance.Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kufananitsa kwa impedance zimaphatikizapo kapangidwe kake ndi kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa gwero la siginecha, mawonekedwe amtundu wa trace, mawonekedwe akumapeto kwa katundu, ndi topology ya trace.Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikudalira kuthetsa ndikusintha topology ya waya.
4. Kodi njira yogawa yosiyana imazindikirika bwanji?
Pali mfundo ziwiri zofunika kuziganizira mu wiring wa awiri osiyana.Chimodzi ndi chakuti utali wa mizere iwiriyo uyenera kukhala wautali momwe ungathere.Pali njira ziwiri zofananira, imodzi ndi yakuti mizere iwiriyo imayendetsa pazitsulo zofanana (mbali ndi mbali), ndipo ina ndi yakuti mizere iwiriyi imayenda pamwamba ndi pansi moyandikana (kupitirira-pansi).Kawirikawiri, kale mbali ndi mbali (mbali ndi mbali, mbali ndi mbali) amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zambiri.
5. Pa mzere wa siginecha ya wotchi yokhala ndi cholumikizira chimodzi chokha, momwe mungakhazikitsire ma waya osiyanitsa?
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mawaya osiyanitsira, ndizomveka kuti gwero lazizindikiro ndi wolandila ndizizindikiro zosiyana.Chifukwa chake sizingatheke kugwiritsa ntchito waya wosiyana pa chizindikiro cha wotchi ndi kutulutsa kumodzi kokha.
6. Kodi chopinga chofananira chikhoza kuwonjezeredwa pakati pa mizere yosiyanitsira yomwe ili kumapeto?
Kukaniza kofananira pakati pa awiriawiri a mzere wosiyana pamapeto olandila nthawi zambiri kumawonjezedwa, ndipo mtengo wake uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi mtengo wa impedance yosiyana.Mwanjira iyi mtundu wa chizindikiro udzakhala wabwinoko.
7. Chifukwa chiyani mawaya amitundu yosiyanasiyana ayenera kukhala oyandikana komanso ofanana?
Mayendedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana amayenera kukhala oyandikana komanso ofanana.Zomwe zimatchedwa kuyandikira koyenera ndi chifukwa mtunda udzakhudza mtengo wa impedance yosiyana, yomwe ndi gawo lofunikira popanga awiri osiyana.Kufunika kwa parallelism kumakhalanso chifukwa chofuna kusunga kusasinthasintha kwa kusiyana kwa impedance.Ngati mizere iwiriyo ili kutali kapena pafupi, kusokoneza kosiyana kudzakhala kosagwirizana, zomwe zidzakhudza kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro (chizindikiro cha chizindikiro) ndi kuchedwa kwa nthawi (kuchedwa kwa nthawi).
8. Momwe mungathanirane ndi mikangano yamalingaliro pamawaya enieni
Kwenikweni, ndikoyenera kulekanitsa malo a analogi/digito.Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti zizindikiro za zizindikiro siziyenera kuwoloka malo ogawidwa (moat) momwe zingathere, ndipo njira yobwereranso (njira yobwerera panopa) ya magetsi ndi chizindikiro sichiyenera kukhala chachikulu.
The crystal oscillator ndi analogi zabwino ndemanga oscillation dera.Kuti mukhale ndi chizindikiro chokhazikika cha oscillation, chiyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za kupindula ndi gawo.Komabe, mafotokozedwe a oscillation a siginecha ya analogiyi amasokonekera mosavuta, ndipo ngakhale kuwonjezera njira zoyang'anira pansi sikungathe kulekanitsa zosokonezazo.Ndipo ngati ili patali kwambiri, phokoso pa ndege yapansi lidzakhudzanso njira yabwino ya oscillation circuit.Choncho, mtunda pakati pa kristalo oscillator ndi chip ayenera kukhala pafupi kwambiri.
Zowonadi, pali mikangano yambiri pakati pa mayendedwe othamanga kwambiri ndi zofunikira za EMI.Koma mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti resistors ndi capacitors kapena ferrite mikanda anawonjezera chifukwa EMI sangathe kuchititsa zina magetsi zizindikiro chizindikiro kulephera kukwaniritsa specifications.Choncho, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zokonzera mawaya ndi PCB stacking kuti athetse kapena kuchepetsa mavuto a EMI, monga kuyendetsa zizindikiro zothamanga kwambiri kumalo amkati.Pomaliza, gwiritsani ntchito resistor capacitor kapena ferrite bead kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa chizindikiro.
9. Momwe mungathetsere kutsutsana pakati pa mawaya amanja ndi ma waya odziwikiratu azizindikiro zothamanga kwambiri?
Ambiri a router zodziwikiratu amphamvu routing mapulogalamu tsopano anapereka zopinga kulamulira wodutsa njira ndi chiwerengero cha vias.Kuyika kwa mphamvu za injini yokhotakhota ndi zovuta zamakampani osiyanasiyana a EDA nthawi zina zimasiyana kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, pali zopinga zokwanira kuwongolera momwe njoka za njoka zimatha kuwongolera, ndi zina zotero.Izi zitha kukhudza ngati njira yolankhulirana yopezeka ndi njira yokhayo ingakwaniritse malingaliro a wopanga.
Kuphatikiza apo, vuto lakusintha mawaya pamanja limakhalanso ndi ubale wokhazikika ndi kuthekera kwa injini yokhotakhota.Mwachitsanzo, pushability wa kuda, ndi pushability wa vias, ndipo ngakhale pushability kuda mkuwa, etc. Choncho, kusankha rauta ndi amphamvu mapiringidzo injini mphamvu ndi yankho.
10. Za makuponi oyesera.
Kuponi koyeserera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza ngati mawonekedwe a PCB opangidwa akukwaniritsa zofunikira zamapangidwe ndi TDR (Time Domain Reflectometer).Nthawi zambiri, kulepheretsa kuwongolera kumakhala ndi milandu iwiri: mzere umodzi ndi awiri osiyana.Choncho, m'lifupi mwa mizere ndi katalikidwe ka mizere (pamene pali awiriawiri osiyana) pa kuponi yoyesera ayenera kukhala ofanana ndi mizere yowongoleredwa.
Chofunika kwambiri ndi malo apansi poyeza.Pofuna kuchepetsa mtengo wa inductance wa nthaka lead (ground lead), malo omwe TDR probe (probe) imakhazikika nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi pomwe chizindikirocho chimayezedwa (probe tip).Chifukwa chake, mtunda ndi njira pakati pa malo pomwe chizindikirocho chimayezedwa pa coupon yoyeserera ndi malo apansi Kuti agwirizane ndi kafukufuku wogwiritsidwa ntchito.
11. Pamapangidwe othamanga kwambiri a PCB, gawo lopanda kanthu la chizindikirocho limatha kuphimbidwa ndi mkuwa, koma kodi mkuwa wa zigawo zingapo uyenera kugawidwa bwanji poyambira ndi magetsi?
Kawirikawiri, mkuwa wambiri m'dera lopanda kanthu umakhazikika.Ingoyang'anani mtunda wapakati pa mkuwa ndi mzere wa chizindikiro mukamayika mkuwa pafupi ndi mzere wothamanga kwambiri, chifukwa mkuwa woyikidwawo umachepetsa pang'ono kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe.Komanso samalani kuti musasokoneze mawonekedwe a zigawo zina, monga kapangidwe ka mizere iwiri.
12. Kodi n'zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha mzere wa microstrip kuti muwerengere kusokonezeka kwa mzere wa chizindikiro pamwamba pa ndege yamagetsi?Kodi siginecha yapakati pa mphamvu ndi ndege yapansi ingawerengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa stripline?
Inde, ndege zamphamvu ndi zapansi ziyenera kuganiziridwa ngati ndege zowunikira powerengera zomwe zingachitike.Mwachitsanzo, bolodi la zigawo zinayi: pamwamba-mphamvu yosanjikiza-pansi yosanjikiza-pansi.Pa nthawiyi, chitsanzo cha khalidwe impedance ya pamwamba wosanjikiza trace ndi microstrip mzere chitsanzo ndi ndege mphamvu monga ndege zolozera.
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Kaya malo oyesera omwe amapangidwa ndi pulogalamu yanthawi zonse amakwaniritsa zofunikira zoyezetsa zimadalira ngati zomwe zikuwonjezera zoyeserera zikukwaniritsa zofunikira za zida zoyeserera.Kuonjezera apo, ngati mawaya ali owundana kwambiri ndipo ndondomeko yowonjezerapo mfundo zoyesera imakhala yovuta kwambiri, sizingatheke kuwonjezera mfundo zoyesa pagawo lililonse la mzere.Inde, m'pofunika kudzaza pamanja malo oti ayesedwe.
14. Kodi kuwonjezera mfundo zoyesa kungakhudze khalidwe la zizindikiro zothamanga kwambiri?
Ponena za momwe zingakhudzire khalidwe la chizindikiro, zimadalira njira yowonjezerera mfundo zoyesera komanso momwe chizindikirocho chimakhalira mofulumira.Kwenikweni, mfundo zoyeserera (osagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zilipo kudzera kapena pini ya DIP ngati mfundo zoyeserera) zitha kuwonjezeredwa pamzere kapena kutulutsidwa pamzere.Zakale ndizofanana ndi kuwonjezera capacitor yaying'ono pa intaneti, pomwe yomalizayo ndi nthambi yowonjezera.
Zinthu ziwirizi zikhudza siginecha yothamanga kwambiri kapena kuchepera, ndipo kuchuluka kwachikoka kumakhudzana ndi liwiro la ma frequency a siginecha komanso m'mphepete mwa siginecha (m'mphepete).Kukula kwachikokako kungadziwike mwa kuyerekezera.M'malo mwake, malo oyesera ang'onoang'ono, abwino (zowona, ayeneranso kukwaniritsa zofunikira za zida zoyesera).The lalifupi nthambi, bwino.
15. Ma PCB angapo amapanga dongosolo, kodi mawaya apansi pakati pa matabwa ayenera kulumikizidwa bwanji?
Pamene chizindikiro kapena mphamvu pakati pa matabwa osiyanasiyana PCB chikugwirizana wina ndi mzake, mwachitsanzo, bolodi A ali ndi mphamvu kapena zizindikiro zotumizidwa ku bolodi B, payenera kukhala wofanana kuchuluka kwa panopa ikuyenda kuchokera wosanjikiza pansi kubwerera ku bolodi A (izi ndi Kirchoff malamulo apano).
Pakali pano pa mapangidwe awa adzapeza malo osakanizidwa pang'ono kuti abwerere.Choncho, chiwerengero cha zikhomo zomwe zimaperekedwa ku ndege yapansi siziyenera kukhala zochepa kwambiri pa mawonekedwe aliwonse, ziribe kanthu kaya ndi magetsi kapena chizindikiro, kuti achepetse kusokoneza, komwe kungachepetse phokoso pa ndege yapansi.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndizothekanso kusanthula chipika chonse chapano, makamaka gawo lomwe lili ndi mphamvu yayikulu, ndikusintha njira yolumikizirana ndi mapangidwe kapena waya wapansi kuti muwongolere kuthamanga kwapano (mwachitsanzo, pangani chopinga chochepa kwinakwake, kotero kuti zambiri zomwe zikuyenda pano kuchokera kumalo awa), zimachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa ma siginecha ena ovuta kwambiri.
16. Kodi mungadziwitse mabuku ena akunja aukadaulo ndi data pamapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri a PCB?
Tsopano mabwalo a digito othamanga kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ofananirako monga maukonde olumikizirana ndi ma calculator.Pankhani ya maukonde kulankhulana, pafupipafupi ntchito gulu PCB wafika GHz, ndipo chiwerengero cha zigawo zosanjikizana ndi ochuluka monga 40 zigawo monga ine ndikudziwira.
Ntchito zokhudzana ndi ma Calculator zilinso chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa tchipisi.Kaya ndi PC wamba kapena seva (Seva), ma frequency opitilira pa bolodi afikanso 400MHz (monga Rambus).
Poyankha zofunikira pamayendedwe othamanga kwambiri komanso osasunthika kwambiri, kufunikira kwa ma vias akhungu / okwiriridwa, ma mircrovias ndi ukadaulo womangamanga ukuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono.Zofunikira zapangidwezi zimapezeka kuti zipangidwe zambiri ndi opanga.
17. Njira ziwiri zomwe zimatchulidwa pafupipafupi:
Mzere wa Microstrip (microstrip) Z={87/[sqrt(Er+1.41)]}ln[5.98H/(0.8W+T)] pamene W ndiye m'lifupi mwake, T ndiye makulidwe a mkuwa wa mzere, ndipo H ndi Mtunda wochokera kumayendedwe kupita ku ndege yolozera, Er ndiye dielectric yokhazikika yazinthu za PCB (dielectric constant).Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha 0.1≤(W/H)≤2.0 ndi 1≤(Er)≤15.
Stripline (stripline) Z=[60/sqrt(Er)]ln{4H/[0.67π(T+0.8W)]} pomwe, H ndi mtunda wapakati pa ndege ziwiri zolozera, ndipo zolozerazo zili pakati pa ndege ziwiri zolozera .Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha W/H≤0.35 ndi T/H≤0.25.
18. Kodi chingwe chapansi chingawonjezedwe pakati pa mzere wosiyanitsa?
Kawirikawiri, waya wapansi sangathe kuwonjezeredwa pakati pa chizindikiro chosiyana.Chifukwa mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro zosiyanitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito phindu lomwe limabwera chifukwa chogwirizanitsa (kugwirizanitsa) pakati pa zizindikiro zosiyana, monga kuchotsedwa kwa flux, chitetezo cha phokoso, etc. Ngati waya wapansi wawonjezeredwa pakati, cholumikizira chidzawonongedwa.
19. Kodi mapangidwe a board okhwima amafunikira mapulogalamu apadera komanso mawonekedwe?
The flexible printed circuit (FPC) ikhoza kupangidwa ndi mapulogalamu a PCB wamba.Gwiritsaninso ntchito mtundu wa Gerber kuti mupange opanga FPC.
20. Kodi mfundo ya kusankha bwino maziko a PCB ndi mlandu ndi chiyani?
Mfundo yosankha malo a pansi pa PCB ndi chipolopolo ndikugwiritsa ntchito chassis pansi kuti apereke njira yochepetsera yobwereranso (kubwerera panopa) ndikuwongolera njira yobwereranso.Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi chipangizo chapamwamba kwambiri kapena jenereta ya wotchi, gawo la pansi la PCB limatha kulumikizidwa ndi malo a chassis pokonza zomangira kuti muchepetse gawo lonse la loop, potero kuchepetsa ma radiation a electromagnetic.
21. Ndi mbali ziti zomwe tiyenera kuyamba nazo za board board DEBUG?
Ponena za mabwalo a digito, choyamba dziwani zinthu zitatu motsatizana:
1. Tsimikizirani kuti masheya onse ndi makulidwe apangidwe.Makina ena okhala ndi magetsi angapo angafunike zina mwadongosolo komanso liwiro la magetsi ena.
2. Tsimikizirani kuti ma frequency a siginecha ya wotchi akugwira ntchito bwino ndipo palibe zovuta zamtundu wa monotonic pamphepete mwa ma siginoloji.
3. Tsimikizirani ngati chizindikiro chobwezeretsanso chikukwaniritsa zofunikira.Ngati zonsezi zili bwino, chipangizocho chiyenera kutumiza chizindikiro cha kuzungulira koyamba (kuzungulira).Kenako, sinthani molingana ndi dongosolo la ntchito ndi protocol ya basi.
22. Pamene kukula kwa bolodi la dera lakhazikitsidwa, ngati ntchito zambiri ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa muzojambula, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunikira kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa PCB, koma izi zingayambitse kusokonezana kwa zizindikiro, komanso nthawi yomweyo, zowonda ndi woonda kwambiri kuonjezera impedance.Sizingatsitsidwe, chonde akatswiri adziwitse luso lapamwamba kwambiri (≥100MHz) kamangidwe ka PCB kolimba kwambiri?
Popanga ma PCB othamanga kwambiri komanso osalimba kwambiri, kusokoneza kwa crosstalk kuyenera kuperekedwa chidwi chapadera chifukwa kumakhudza kwambiri nthawi komanso kukhulupirika kwazizindikiro.
Nazi zinthu zingapo zofunika kuziganizira:
Sinthani kupitiliza ndi kufananiza kwa trace character impedance.
Kukula kwa kalozera kamtunda.Nthawi zambiri, masitayilo omwe amawonedwa nthawi zambiri amakhala kuwirikiza kawiri m'lifupi mwake.Zotsatira za mtunda wautali pa nthawi ndi kukhulupirika kwa ma siginecha zitha kudziwika kudzera mu kayeseleledwe, ndipo katalikirana kocheperako kakhoza kupezeka.Zotsatira zimatha kusiyana kuchokera ku chip kupita ku chip.
Sankhani njira yoyenera yochotsera.
Pewani njira zomwezo zomwe zili pamwamba ndi m'munsi zoyandikana nazo, kapenanso kuphatikizira kumtunda ndi kumunsi, chifukwa mtundu uwu wa crosstalk ndi waukulu kuposa wamtundu woyandikana nawo womwewo.
Gwiritsani ntchito njira zakhungu / zokwiriridwa kuti muwonjezere malo owonera.Koma mtengo wopanga wa PCB board udzawonjezeka.Zimakhaladi zovuta kukwaniritsa kufanana kwathunthu ndi kutalika kofanana pakukhazikitsa kwenikweni, komabe ndikofunikira kuti tichite momwe tingathere.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuthetsedwa kosiyana ndi kuyimitsa kwanthawi zonse kumatha kusungidwa kuti muchepetse kukhudzidwa kwa nthawi ndi kukhulupirika kwa ma siginecha.
23. Zosefera pamagetsi a analogi nthawi zambiri zimakhala LC dera.Koma n'chifukwa chiyani nthawi zina LC Zosefera zochepa bwino kuposa RC?
Kuyerekeza kwa LC ndi RC zosefera zosefera ziyenera kuganizira ngati gulu lafupipafupi liyenera kusefedwa ndikusankhidwa kwa mtengo wa inductance ndi koyenera.Chifukwa momwe inductance reactance (reactance) ya inductor ikugwirizana ndi mtengo wa inductance ndi ma frequency.
Ngati phokoso la phokoso lamagetsi ndilochepa ndipo mtengo wa inductance si waukulu mokwanira, zotsatira zosefera sizingakhale zabwino ngati RC.Komabe, mtengo wolipirira kugwiritsa ntchito kusefa kwa RC ndikuti chotsutsacho chimataya mphamvu, sichichita bwino, ndipo chimalabadira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe wotsutsa wosankhidwayo angagwire.
24. Kodi njira yosankha inductance ndi capacitance value ndi yotani posefa?
Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka kwaphokoso komwe mukufuna kusefa, kusankha kwa mtengo wa inductance kumaganiziranso kuyankha kwanthawi yomweyo.Ngati chotengera chotulutsa cha LC chili ndi mwayi wotulutsa mphamvu yayikulu nthawi yomweyo, mtengo wokulirapo kwambiri umalepheretsa kuthamanga kwamphamvu yayikulu yomwe ikuyenda kudzera mu inductor ndikuwonjezera phokoso lamphamvu.Mtengo wa capacitance umagwirizana ndi kukula kwa phokoso lodziwika bwino lomwe lingaloledwe.
Kuchepetsa kufunika kwa phokoso la phokoso, kumakhalanso kokulirapo kwa mtengo wa capacitor.ESR / ESL ya capacitor idzakhalanso ndi zotsatira.Kuonjezera apo, ngati LC imayikidwa pa kutulutsa mphamvu yosinthira kusintha, ndikofunikiranso kumvetsera kukhudzidwa kwa mtengo / zero wopangidwa ndi LC pa kukhazikika kwa njira yowongolera maganizo oipa..
25. Momwe mungakwaniritsire zofunikira za EMC momwe mungathere popanda kupangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zambiri?
Kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo chifukwa cha EMC pa PCB nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zigawo zapansi kuti zithandizire chitetezo komanso kuwonjezera mkanda wa ferrite, kutsamwitsa ndi zida zina zapamwamba zopondereza.Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira kugwirira ntchito limodzi ndi zida zotchingira pamakina ena kuti dongosolo lonse likwaniritse zofunikira za EMC.Zotsatirazi ndi maupangiri ochepa a board a PCB kuti muchepetse mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi dera.
Sankhani chipangizo chokhala ndi chiwopsezo chopha pang'onopang'ono momwe mungathere kuti muchepetse zigawo zapamwamba zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chizindikirocho.
Samalani kuyika kwa zigawo zapamwamba kwambiri, osati pafupi kwambiri ndi zolumikizira zakunja.
Samalani kufananiza kwa ma impedans othamanga kwambiri, kusanjikiza kwa waya ndi njira yake yobwerera (kubwereranso njira yamakono) kuti muchepetse kuwonetsa pafupipafupi komanso ma radiation.
Ikani ma capacitor okwanira komanso oyenerera pazikhomo zamphamvu za chipangizo chilichonse kuti muchepetse phokoso pamagetsi ndi ndege zapansi.Samalani kwambiri ngati kuyankha pafupipafupi ndi kutentha kwa capacitor kumakwaniritsa zofunikira za mapangidwe.
Pansi pafupi ndi cholumikizira chakunja chikhoza kupatulidwa bwino kuchokera ku mapangidwe, ndipo pansi pa cholumikizira chiyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi chassis pansi pafupi.
Gwiritsirani ntchito moyenerera zolondera zapansi / shunt pafupi ndi ma siginecha othamanga kwambiri.Koma tcherani khutu ku zotsatira za alonda / shunt pazovuta zomwe zimatsata.
Mphamvu yosanjikiza ndi 20H mkati kuposa mapangidwe, ndipo H ndi mtunda pakati pa gawo la mphamvu ndi mapangidwe.
26. Pakakhala midadada yambiri ya digito/analogi mu bolodi limodzi la PCB, mchitidwe wamba ndikulekanitsa malo a digito/analogi.Chifukwa chiyani?
Chifukwa cholekanitsa malo a digito / analogi ndi chifukwa chakuti dera la digito lidzapanga phokoso pamagetsi ndi pansi pamene mukusintha pakati pa kuthekera kwakukulu ndi kochepa.Kukula kwa phokoso kumayenderana ndi liwiro la chizindikiro ndi kukula kwake.Ngati ndege yapansi siinagawidwe ndipo phokoso lopangidwa ndi dera la digito ndilokulirapo ndipo dera lomwe lili m'dera la analogi liri pafupi kwambiri, ndiye kuti ngakhale zizindikiro za digito ndi analogi sizidutsa, chizindikiro cha analogi chidzasokonezedwa. ndi phokoso lapansi.Izi zikutanthauza kuti, njira yosagawanitsa maziko a digito ndi analogi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamene dera la dera la analogi liri kutali ndi dera la digito lomwe limapanga phokoso lalikulu.
27. Njira ina ndiyo kuonetsetsa kuti mawonekedwe osiyana a digito / analogi ndi mizere ya digito / analoji yamagetsi sadutsana, bolodi lonse la PCB silinagawidwe, ndipo malo a digito / analogi akugwirizanitsidwa ndi ndege yapansi iyi.Mfundo yake ndi yotani?
Chofunikira kuti zizindikiro za chizindikiro cha digito-analoji sizingawoloke chifukwa njira yobwerera (njira yobwerera panopa) ya chizindikiro cha digito chofulumira pang'ono idzayesa kubwerera ku gwero la chizindikiro cha digito pamtunda pafupi ndi pansi pa kufufuza.mtanda, phokoso lopangidwa ndi kubwerera kwapano lidzawonekera m'dera la dera la analogi.
28. Kodi mungaganizire bwanji vuto lofananira ndi vuto popanga zojambula zamapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri a PCB?
Mukapanga mabwalo othamanga kwambiri a PCB, kufananitsa kwa impedance ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapangidwira.Mtengo wa impedance uli ndi ubale wokhazikika ndi njira yolowera, monga kuyenda pamtunda (microstrip) kapena wosanjikiza wamkati (stripline/double stripline), mtunda kuchokera pagawo lolozera (mphamvu wosanjikiza kapena wosanjikiza pansi), fufuzani m'lifupi, PCB. zakuthupi, ndi zina zotero. Zonse zidzakhudza khalidwe la impedance mtengo wa kufufuza.
Ndiko kunena kuti, mtengo wa impedance ukhoza kutsimikiziridwa pambuyo pa waya.Mapulogalamu oyerekeza amtundu uliwonse sangathe kulingalira za ma waya omwe ali ndi vuto losapitilira chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtundu wa mzere kapena masamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.Pakadali pano, zoletsa zina (zomaliza), monga zopinga zotsatizana, zitha kusungidwa pazithunzi zamakonzedwe.kuchepetsa zotsatira za trace impedance discontinuities.Yankho lenileni la vutoli ndikuyesa kupewa kutha kwa impedance pamene waya.
29. Kodi ndingapeze kuti laibulale yachitsanzo ya IBIS yolondola kwambiri?
Kulondola kwa chitsanzo cha IBIS kumakhudza mwachindunji zotsatira zofananira.Kwenikweni, IBIS imatha kuwonedwa ngati chidziwitso chamagetsi chamtundu wofanana wa chip I/O bafa, yomwe imatha kupezeka posintha mtundu wa SPICE, ndipo deta ya SPICE ili ndi ubale weniweni ndi kupanga chip, chipangizo chomwecho amaperekedwa ndi osiyana chip opanga.Zomwe zili mu SPICE ndizosiyana, ndipo zomwe zili mu mtundu wa IBIS wosinthidwa zidzakhalanso zosiyana molingana.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngati zipangizo za wopanga A zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, okhawo ali ndi mwayi wopereka deta yolondola yachitsanzo cha zipangizo zawo, chifukwa palibe wina amene amadziwa bwino kuposa iwo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zawo.Ngati IBIS yoperekedwa ndi wopangayo ili yolakwika, yankho lokhalo ndikufunsa mosalekeza wopanga kuti asinthe.
30. Popanga ma PCB othamanga kwambiri, ndi mbali ziti zomwe opanga azilingalira malamulo a EMC ndi EMI?
Mwambiri, mapangidwe a EMI/EMC amayenera kuganizira zowunikira komanso zoyendetsedwa.Yoyamba ndi ya gawo lapamwamba kwambiri (≥30MHz) ndipo yotsirizirayi ndi ya gawo lapafupipafupi (≤30MHz).
Kotero inu simungakhoze basi kulabadira mkulu pafupipafupi ndi kunyalanyaza otsika pafupipafupi gawo.Mapangidwe abwino a EMI / EMC ayenera kuganizira za malo a chipangizocho, makonzedwe a PCB stack, njira yolumikizira yofunika, kusankha kwa chipangizocho, ndi zina zotero kumayambiriro kwa mapangidwe.Ngati palibe makonzedwe abwinoko pasadakhale, akhoza kuthetsedwa pambuyo pake Idzapeza kawiri zotsatira ndi theka la khama ndikuwonjezera mtengo.
Mwachitsanzo, malo a jenereta ya wotchi sayenera kukhala pafupi ndi cholumikizira chakunja momwe angathere, chizindikiro chothamanga kwambiri chiyenera kupita kumalo amkati momwe mungathere ndikumvetsera kupitiriza kwa khalidwe la impedance ndi wosanjikiza kuti achepetse kusinkhasinkha, ndipo otsetsereka (mlingo wopha) wa chizindikiro chokankhidwa ndi chipangizocho uyenera kukhala wocheperako momwe ungathere kuti uchepetse kumtunda Posankha decoupling/bypass capacitor, samalani ngati kuyankha kwake pafupipafupi kumakwaniritsa zofunikira kuti muchepetse. phokoso la ndege yamphamvu.
Kuonjezera apo, tcherani khutu ku njira yobwereranso yamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri kuti apange malo ozungulira ngati ang'onoang'ono momwe angathere (ndiko kuti, loop impedance ndi yaying'ono momwe mungathere) kuti muchepetse ma radiation.N'zothekanso kulamulira phokoso lapamwamba kwambiri pogawanitsa mapangidwe.Pomaliza, sankhani poyambira PCB ndi mlanduwo (chassis ground).
31. Mungasankhe bwanji zida za EDA?
Mu pulogalamu yamakono ya pcb, kusanthula kwamafuta sikuli kolimba, kotero sikuvomerezeka kuigwiritsa ntchito.Pazinthu zina 1.3.4, mutha kusankha PADS kapena Cadence, ndipo magwiridwe antchito ndi chiŵerengero chamtengo ndi chabwino.Oyamba mu mapangidwe a PLD angagwiritse ntchito malo ophatikizika operekedwa ndi PLD chip opanga, ndipo zida za mfundo imodzi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zipata zoposa milioni imodzi.
32. Chonde perekani pulogalamu ya EDA yoyenera kukonza ndi kutumiza ma siginecha othamanga kwambiri.
Kwa mapangidwe ozungulira dera, PADS ya INNOVEDA ndiyabwino kwambiri, ndipo pali mapulogalamu ofananirako ofananira, ndipo mapangidwe amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi 70% ya mapulogalamu.Kwa mapangidwe othamanga kwambiri, ma analogi ndi ma digito osakanikirana, yankho la Cadence liyenera kukhala pulogalamu yogwira ntchito bwino komanso mtengo.Zachidziwikire, magwiridwe antchito a Mentor akadali abwino kwambiri, makamaka kasamalidwe kake kamangidwe kake kayenera kukhala kopambana.
33. Kufotokozera tanthauzo la gawo lililonse la bolodi la PCB
Topoverlay - dzina la chipangizo chapamwamba kwambiri, chomwe chimatchedwanso silkscreen kapena legend yapamwamba, monga R1 C5,
IC10.bottomoverlay–mofanana ndi multilayer—–Ngati mupanga 4-wosanjikiza bolodi, mumayika pad yaulere kapena kudzera, kutanthauzira ngati ma multilay, ndiye kuti pad yake idzawonekera pazigawo 4, ngati Mungotanthauzira ngati pamwamba, ndiye pad yake idzangowonekera pamwamba pake.
34. Ndi mbali ziti zomwe ziyenera kutsatiridwa pakupanga, mayendedwe ndi masanjidwe a ma PCB apamwamba kwambiri pamwamba pa 2G?
Ma PCB othamanga kwambiri pamwamba pa 2G ndi a mapangidwe a ma frequency a wailesi, ndipo sali mkati mwa zokambirana zamapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri a digito.Masanjidwe ndi kayendedwe kagawo la RF kuyenera kuganiziridwa limodzi ndi chithunzi chojambula, chifukwa masanjidwe ndi njira zingayambitse kugawa.
Kuphatikiza apo, zida zina zokhazikika pamapangidwe ozungulira a RF zimazindikirika kudzera mu kutanthauzira kwa parametric ndi zojambulazo zamkuwa zapadera.Chifukwa chake, zida za EDA zimafunikira kuti zipereke zida zamagetsi ndikusintha zojambula zamkuwa zamkuwa.
Mentor's boardstation ili ndi gawo lodzipatulira la RF lomwe limakwaniritsa izi.Kuphatikiza apo, mapangidwe amtundu wa wailesi amafunikira zida zapadera zowunikira ma radio pafupipafupi, otchuka kwambiri pamakampani ndi eesoft agilent, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino ndi zida za Mentor.
35. Pa mapangidwe apamwamba a PCB pamwamba pa 2G, ndi malamulo otani omwe mapangidwe a microstrip ayenera kutsatira?
Pakupanga mizere ya RF microstrip, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira za 3D kuti muchotse magawo a mzere wotumizira.Malamulo onse ayenera kutchulidwa mu chida ichi m'zigawo.
36. Kwa PCB yokhala ndi zizindikiro zonse za digito, pali gwero la wotchi ya 80MHz pa bolodi.Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito mawaya (kuyika pansi), ndi dera lamtundu wanji lomwe liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza kuti zitsimikizire kuyendetsa bwino?
Kuonetsetsa kuti wotchiyo imayendetsa bwino, siyenera kuzindikirika kudzera muchitetezo.Nthawi zambiri, wotchiyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyendetsa chip.Nkhawa zambiri za kuthekera koyendetsa mawotchi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mawotchi ambiri.Chip choyendetsa wotchi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutembenuza chizindikiro cha wotchi imodzi kukhala zingapo, ndipo kugwirizana kwa point-to-point kumatengedwa.Posankha chip dalaivala, kuwonjezera pakuwonetsetsa kuti chikugwirizana ndi katunduyo ndipo m'mphepete mwa chizindikiro chimakwaniritsa zofunikira (nthawi zambiri, wotchiyo ndi chizindikiro chogwira ntchito), powerengera nthawi ya dongosolo, kuchedwa kwa wotchi mu dalaivala. chip iyenera kuganiziridwa.
37. Ngati bolodi la chizindikiro cha wotchi yosiyana ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wanji omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsetsa kuti kutumiza kwa chizindikiro cha wotchi sikukhudzidwa kwambiri?
Kufupikitsa chizindikiro cha wotchi, kumachepetsa mphamvu ya mzere wotumizira.Kugwiritsa ntchito bolodi lachizindikiro cha wotchi yosiyana kumawonjezera kutalika kwa njira yolumikizira mawotchi.Ndipo mphamvu pansi pa bolodi ndi vuto.Pakutumiza kwautali, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zosiyana.Kukula kwa L kumatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pagalimoto, koma wotchi yanu sithamanga kwambiri, sikofunikira.
38, 27M, mzere wa wotchi ya SDRAM (80M-90M), ma harmonics achiwiri ndi achitatu a mizere ya wotchiyi ali mu gulu la VHF, ndipo kusokoneza kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri pambuyo poti ma frequency apamwamba alowa kuchokera kumapeto omwe amalandira.Kuwonjezera pa kufupikitsa kutalika kwa mzere, ndi njira zina ziti zabwino?
Ngati ma harmonic achitatu ndi aakulu ndipo yachiwiri ya harmonic ndi yaying'ono, zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chakuti chizindikiro cha ntchito ndi 50%, chifukwa pamenepa, chizindikirocho chilibe ngakhale ma harmonics.Panthawi imeneyi, m'pofunika kusintha chizindikiro cha ntchito.Kuphatikiza apo, ngati chizindikiro cha wotchi sichinayende mopanda tsankho, magwero ofananirako nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito.Izi zimapondereza zowunikira zachiwiri popanda kusokoneza mawotchi am'mphepete.Mtengo wofananira kumapeto kwa gwero ukhoza kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo chomwe chili pansipa.
39. Kodi topology ya waya ndi chiyani?
Topology, ena amatchedwanso routing order.Kwa dongosolo la mawaya a ma doko ambiri olumikizidwa ndi netiweki.
40. Momwe mungasinthire topology ya waya kuti muwongolere kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro?
Mtundu woterewu waupangiri wamawu ndizovuta kwambiri, chifukwa panjira imodzi, ma sign anjira ziwiri, ndi ma sign a magawo osiyanasiyana, topology imakhala ndi zikoka zosiyanasiyana, ndipo n'zovuta kunena kuti topology ndi yopindulitsa pamtundu wanji.Kuphatikiza apo, pochita kayeseleledwe kathu, komwe ma topology amagwiritsa ntchito ndizovuta kwambiri kwa mainjiniya, ndipo pamafunika kumvetsetsa mfundo zamagawo, mitundu yazizindikiro, komanso zovuta zama waya.
41. Kodi kuchepetsa mavuto EMI pokonza stackup?
Choyamba, EMI iyenera kuganiziridwa kuchokera ku dongosolo, ndipo PCB yokhayo siyingathetse vutoli.Kwa EMI, ndikuganiza kuti kusungitsa ndikungopereka njira yachidule yobwereranso, kuchepetsa malo olumikizirana, ndikupondereza kusokoneza kwamachitidwe.Kuphatikiza apo, gawo la pansi ndi gawo la mphamvu zimalumikizidwa mwamphamvu, ndipo kukulitsako ndikokulirapo moyenerera kuposa gawo lamagetsi, zomwe ndi zabwino kupondereza kusokoneza wamba.
42. N'chifukwa chiyani mkuwa amayalidwa?
Nthawi zambiri, pali zifukwa zingapo zoyika mkuwa.
1. EMC.Kwa malo akuluakulu kapena mkuwa wopatsa mphamvu, udzakhala ndi chitetezo, ndipo zina zapadera, monga PGND, zidzateteza.
2. PCB ndondomeko zofunika.Nthawi zambiri, pofuna kutsimikizira zotsatira za electroplating kapena lamination popanda mapindikidwe, mkuwa waikidwa pa PCB wosanjikiza ndi zochepa mawaya.
3. Zofunikira za kukhulupirika kwa ma Signal, perekani ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri a digito njira yobwerera kwathunthu, ndikuchepetsa mawaya a netiweki ya DC.Inde, palinso zifukwa zowonongeka kwa kutentha, kuyika kwa chipangizo chapadera kumafuna kuyika kwa mkuwa, ndi zina zotero.
43. Mu dongosolo, dsp ndi pld zikuphatikizidwa, ndi mavuto ati omwe akuyenera kutsatiridwa pakuyatsa?
Yang'anani chiŵerengero cha chizindikiro chanu cha kutalika kwa mawaya.Ngati kuchedwa kwa chizindikiro pa mzere wotumizira ndikufanana ndi nthawi ya kusintha kwa chizindikiro, vuto la kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro liyenera kuganiziridwa.Kuphatikiza apo, kwa ma DSP angapo, mawotchi ndi ma sign amtundu wa data zidzakhudzanso mtundu wazizindikiro ndi nthawi, zomwe zimafunikira chisamaliro.
44. Kuphatikiza pa waya wa zida za protel, pali zida zina zabwino?
Ponena za zida, kuwonjezera pa PROTEL, pali zida zambiri zama waya, monga MENTOR's WG2000, EN2000 series ndi powerpcb, Cadence's allegro, zuken's cadstar, cr5000, etc., iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zake.
45. Kodi “njira yobwerera m’zikwangwani” n’chiyani?
Njira yobwereranso, ndiko kuti, kubwereranso panopa.Pamene chizindikiro cha digito chothamanga kwambiri chikufalikira, chizindikirocho chimayenda kuchokera kwa dalaivala pamzere wotumizira wa PCB kupita ku katundu, ndiyeno katunduyo amabwerera kumapeto kwa dalaivala pamtunda kapena magetsi kupyolera mu njira yaifupi kwambiri.
Chizindikiro chobwererachi pansi kapena magetsi amatchedwa njira yobwereranso.Dr.Johnson adalongosola m'buku lake kuti kutumizira ma sigino apamwamba kwambiri ndi njira yolipiritsa mphamvu ya dielectric yomwe ili pakati pa chingwe chotumizira ndi DC wosanjikiza.Zomwe SI imasanthula ndi ma elekitiromagineti a mpandawu komanso kulumikizana pakati pawo.
46. Momwe mungapangire kusanthula kwa SI pa zolumikizira?
M'mafotokozedwe a IBIS3.2, pali kufotokozera kwachitsanzo cholumikizira.Nthawi zambiri gwiritsani ntchito chitsanzo cha EBD.Ngati ndi bolodi lapadera, monga ndege yakumbuyo, mtundu wa SPICE ukufunika.Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito pulogalamu yoyeserera yama board ambiri (HYPERLYNX kapena IS_multiboard).Pomanga dongosolo lamagulu ambiri, lowetsani magawo ogawa a zolumikizira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku bukhu lolumikizira.Inde, njirayi sidzakhala yolondola mokwanira, koma malinga ngati ili mkati mwazovomerezeka.
47. Njira zothetsera ndi zotani?
Kuthetsa (terminal), komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kufananiza.Nthawi zambiri, kutengera malo ofananira, imagawidwa kukhala yofananira yogwira komanso yofananira ma terminal.Mwa iwo, magwero amafananiza nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi zotsutsana, ndipo kufananitsa komaliza nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofananira.Pali njira zambiri, kuphatikiza kukoka kwa resistor, kukankhira pansi, kufananiza kwa Thevenin, kufanana kwa AC, ndi kufananitsa kwa diode ya Schottky.
48. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimatsimikizira njira yothetsera (kufananiza)?
Njira yofananira nthawi zambiri imatsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe a BUFFER, mikhalidwe ya topology, mitundu yamilingo ndi njira zoweruzira, komanso kuzungulira kwa ntchito yazizindikiro ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakina ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa.
49. Kodi malamulo a njira yothetsera (kufananiza) ndi ati?
Nkhani yovuta kwambiri pamayendedwe a digito ndi vuto la nthawi.Cholinga chowonjezera chofananira ndikuwongolera mawonekedwe azizindikiro ndikupeza chizindikiro chodziwikiratu panthawi yoweruza.Pazidziwitso zogwira mtima, mawonekedwe azizindikiro amakhala okhazikika pansi pamalingaliro owonetsetsa kukhazikitsidwa ndi kusunga nthawi;chifukwa chochedwa zizindikiro zogwira mtima, pansi pamalingaliro owonetsetsa kuti chizindikiro chikuchedwa kukhala monotonicity, kuchedwa kwa kusintha kwa chizindikiro kumakwaniritsa zofunikira.Pali zina zofananira mu bukhu la Mentor ICX.
Kuphatikiza apo, "High Speed Digital design a hand book of blackmagic" ili ndi mutu woperekedwa ku terminal, womwe umafotokoza udindo wofananira pa kukhulupirika kwa ma siginecha kuchokera ku mfundo ya mafunde amagetsi, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofotokozera.
50. Kodi ndingagwiritse ntchito chitsanzo cha IBIS cha chipangizochi kuti ndiwonetsere momwe chipangizochi chimagwirira ntchito?Ngati sichoncho, zoyeserera zama board-level and system-level level of the circuit zingachitike bwanji?
Mitundu ya IBIS ndi zitsanzo zamakhalidwe ndipo sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyerekezera.Pakuyerekeza kogwira ntchito, mitundu ya SPICE kapena mitundu ina yamasinthidwe amafunikira.
51. Mu dongosolo lomwe digito ndi analogi zimakhalira limodzi, pali njira ziwiri zopangira.Chimodzi ndikulekanitsa malo a digito kuchokera ku malo a analogi.Mikanda imalumikizidwa, koma magetsi samalekanitsidwa;china ndi chakuti magetsi a analogi ndi magetsi a digito amalekanitsidwa ndikugwirizanitsidwa ndi FB, ndipo pansi ndi malo ogwirizana.Ndikufuna kufunsa Bambo Li, ngati zotsatira za njira ziwirizi ndizofanana?
Kuyenera kunenedwa kuti ndi chimodzimodzi mfundo.Chifukwa mphamvu ndi nthaka ndizofanana ndi ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri.
Cholinga chosiyanitsa magawo a analogi ndi digito ndikuletsa kusokoneza, makamaka kusokoneza kwa mabwalo a digito ku mabwalo a analogi.Komabe, kugawanika kungapangitse njira yobwereranso yosakwanira, yomwe imakhudza mtundu wa chizindikiro cha digito komanso kukhudza khalidwe la EMC la dongosolo.
Choncho, ziribe kanthu kuti ndi ndege iti yomwe imagawidwa, zimadalira ngati njira yobwereranso chizindikiro ikukulitsidwa komanso kuchuluka kwa chizindikiro chobwerera kumasokoneza chizindikiro chogwira ntchito.Tsopano palinso mapangidwe osakanikirana, mosasamala kanthu za magetsi ndi nthaka, poyalidwa, alekanitse masanjidwewo ndi mawaya malinga ndi gawo la digito ndi gawo la analogi kuti mupewe zizindikiro zachigawo.
52. Malamulo achitetezo: Kodi tanthauzo la FCC ndi EMC ndi chiyani?
FCC: Federal Communication Commission American Communications Commission
EMC: Electromagnetic compatibility Electromagnetic Compatibility
FCC ndi bungwe la miyezo, EMC ndi muyezo.Pali zifukwa zofananira, miyezo ndi njira zoyesera zolengezera miyezo.
53. Kodi kugawa kosiyana ndi chiyani?
Zizindikiro zosiyana, zina zomwe zimatchedwanso zizindikiro zosiyana, zimagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ziwiri zofanana, zosiyana-siyana kuti zitumize njira imodzi ya deta, ndikudalira kusiyana kwa msinkhu wa zizindikiro ziwirizo kuti ziweruze.Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti zizindikiro ziwirizi zikugwirizana kwathunthu, ziyenera kusungidwa mofanana panthawi ya waya, ndipo m'lifupi mwa mzere ndi mzere wa mzere sizisintha.
54. Kodi PCB kayeseleledwe mapulogalamu?
Pali mitundu yambiri ya kayeseleledwe, mkulu-liwiro digito dera chizindikiro integrity kusanthula kayeseleledwe kayeseleledwe (SI) ambiri ntchito mapulogalamu ndi icx, signalvision, hyperlynx, XTK, spectraquest, etc. Ena amagwiritsanso Hspice.
55. Kodi pulogalamu yoyeserera ya PCB imachita bwanji kayesedwe ka LAYOUT?
M'mabwalo othamanga kwambiri a digito, kuti apititse patsogolo mawonekedwe azizindikiro ndikuchepetsa zovuta zamawaya, matabwa amitundu yambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawira zigawo zamphamvu zapadera ndi zigawo zapansi.
56. Momwe mungagwirire ndi masanjidwe ndi mawaya kuti muwonetsetse kukhazikika kwazizindikiro pamwamba pa 50M
Chinsinsi cha mawaya othamanga kwambiri a digito ndikuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa mizere yopatsira pamtundu wazizindikiro.Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe azizindikiro zothamanga kwambiri pamwamba pa 100M amafuna kuti mawonekedwe azizindikiro akhale aafupi momwe angathere.M'mabwalo a digito, ma siginecha othamanga kwambiri amatanthauzidwa ndi nthawi yochedwa kukwera.Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma sign (monga TTL, GTL, LVTTL) ili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zowonetsetsa kuti siginecha yabwino.
57. Gawo la RF la gawo lakunja, gawo lapakati pafupipafupi, komanso gawo locheperako lomwe limayang'anira gawo lakunja nthawi zambiri limayikidwa pa PCB yomweyo.Kodi zofunika pa zinthu za PCB wotere?Kodi mungapewe bwanji RF, IF komanso ma frequency otsika kuti asasokoneze wina ndi mnzake?
Mapangidwe a hybrid circuit ndi vuto lalikulu.Ndizovuta kukhala ndi yankho langwiro.
Nthawi zambiri, ma radio frequency circuit amayalidwa ndikuyalidwa ngati bolodi limodzi lodziyimira pawokha mu dongosolo, ndipo palinso chishango chapadera chotchinga.Kuphatikiza apo, dera la RF nthawi zambiri limakhala la mbali imodzi kapena mbali ziwiri, ndipo dera lake ndi losavuta, zonse zomwe zimachepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa magawo ogawa a RF ndikuwongolera kusasinthika kwa dongosolo la RF.
Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zonse za FR4, ma board ozungulira a RF amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito magawo apamwamba a Q.Dielectric nthawi zonse za nkhaniyi ndi yaying'ono, mphamvu yogawidwa ya mzere wopatsira ndi yaying'ono, impedance ndi yokwera, ndipo kuchedwa kufalitsa chizindikiro kumakhala kochepa.M'mapangidwe amtundu wosakanizidwa, ngakhale mabwalo a RF ndi digito amamangidwa pa PCB yomweyo, nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'dera la RF ndi dera la digito, lomwe limayalidwa ndikuyalidwa padera.Gwiritsani ntchito vias pansi ndi kutchinga mabokosi pakati pawo.
58. Pa gawo la RF, gawo lapakati pafupipafupi ndi gawo lotsika pafupipafupi limayikidwa pa PCB yomweyo, ndi yankho lanji lomwe mlangizi ali nalo?
Pulogalamu ya Mentor's board-level system design, kuwonjezera pa magwiridwe antchito oyambira, ilinso ndi gawo lodzipatulira la RF.Mu RF schematic design module, chitsanzo cha chipangizo cha parameterized chimaperekedwa, ndipo mawonekedwe a bidirectional ndi RF kusanthula dera ndi zida zofananira monga EESOFT zimaperekedwa;mu gawo la RF LAYOUT, ntchito yosinthira mawonekedwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa masanjidwe a RF ndi mawaya amaperekedwa, komanso pali mawonekedwe a njira ziwiri za kusanthula dera la RF ndi zida zofananira monga EESOFT zimatha kusinthiratu zotsatira za kusanthula ndi kayeseleledwe kubwerera ku schematic chithunzi ndi PCB.
Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito kasamalidwe ka mapangidwe a pulogalamu ya Mentor, kugwiritsanso ntchito kapangidwe kake, kutengera kapangidwe kake, ndi mapangidwe ogwirizana zitha kuzindikirika mosavuta.Kufulumizitsa kwambiri njira yopangira ma hybrid circuit.Bolodi la mafoni am'manja ndi mawonekedwe osakanikirana, ndipo opanga ambiri opanga mafoni am'manja amagwiritsa ntchito Mentor kuphatikiza eesoft ya Angelon ngati nsanja yopangira.
59. Kodi kapangidwe ka Mentor ndi chiyani?
Zida za PCB za Mentor Graphics zikuphatikiza mndandanda wa WG (omwe kale anali veribest) ndi Enterprise (boardstation).
60. Kodi mapulogalamu a Mentor's PCB amathandizira bwanji BGA, PGA, COB ndi mapaketi ena?
Mentor's autoactive RE, yopangidwa kuchokera ku Veribest, ndiye njira yoyamba yamakampani yopanda gridless, yolowera mbali iliyonse.Monga tonse tikudziwa, pamagulu amagulu a mpira, zida za COB, ma gridless, ndi ma routers amtundu uliwonse ndiye chinsinsi chothetsera kuchuluka kwa njira.Mu autoactive RE yaposachedwa, ntchito monga kukankha vias, zojambula zamkuwa, REROUTE, ndi zina zambiri zawonjezedwa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.Kuphatikiza apo, amathandizira njira zothamanga kwambiri, kuphatikiza kuwongolera ma siginecha ndi njira zosiyanitsira ziwiri ndi zofunika kuchedwa kwa nthawi.
61. Kodi mapulogalamu a Mentor's PCB amathandizira bwanji mizere yosiyana?
Pulogalamu ya Mentor itatha kufotokozera zamitundu yosiyana, mawiri awiriwa amatha kuyendetsedwa palimodzi, ndipo m'lifupi mwake, kutalika kwa mzere ndi kutalika kwa awiriwa amatsimikiziridwa.Iwo akhoza kulekanitsidwa basi pamene akukumana zopinga, ndi kudzera njira akhoza kusankhidwa posintha zigawo.
62. Pa bolodi la PCB la 12-wosanjikiza, pali magawo atatu a magetsi 2.2v, 3.3v, 5v, ndipo chilichonse mwazinthu zitatuzi chili pagawo limodzi.Kodi kuthana ndi pansi waya?
Nthawi zambiri, magetsi atatuwa amakonzedwa pansanjika yachitatu, yomwe ili yabwinoko pamtundu wazizindikiro.Chifukwa n'zokayikitsa kuti chizindikirocho chigawanika pazigawo za ndege.Kugawa magawo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza mtundu wazizindikiro zomwe nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa ndi pulogalamu yoyeserera.Kwa ndege zamagetsi ndi ndege zapansi, ndizofanana ndi ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri.Mwachizoloŵezi, kuwonjezera pa kulingalira za khalidwe la chizindikiro, kugwirizana kwa ndege yamphamvu (pogwiritsa ntchito ndege yoyandikana nayo pansi kuti muchepetse kusokoneza kwa AC kwa ndege yamagetsi) ndi stacking symmetry ndizo zonse zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
63. Momwe mungayang'anire ngati PCB ikukwaniritsa zofunikira pakupanga ikachoka kufakitale?
Opanga PCB ambiri amayenera kudutsa mayeso opitilira ma netiweki amagetsi asanayambe kukonza PCB kuonetsetsa kuti kulumikizana konse kuli kolondola.Nthawi yomweyo, opanga ochulukirachulukira akugwiritsanso ntchito kuyesa kwa x-ray kuti ayang'ane zolakwika zina panthawi ya etching kapena lamination.
Pa bolodi yomalizidwa pambuyo pokonza chigamba, kuyesa kwa ICT nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe kumafunikira kuwonjezera ma mayeso a ICT pakupanga kwa PCB.Ngati pali vuto, chipangizo chapadera choyang'anira X-ray chingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kutsimikizira ngati cholakwikacho chimayambitsidwa ndi kukonza.
64. Kodi "chitetezo cha makina" ndi chitetezo cha posungira?
Inde.Chosungiracho chiyenera kukhala cholimba momwe mungathere, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito zochepa kapena zosakwanira, ndikukhala pansi momwe mungathere.
65. Kodi ndikofunikira kulingalira vuto la esd la chip palokha posankha chip?
Kaya ndi bolodi lamitundu iwiri kapena bolodi lamitundu yambiri, gawo la pansi liyenera kukulitsidwa momwe mungathere.Posankha chip, mawonekedwe a ESD a chipangizocho ayenera kuganiziridwa.Izi zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri muzofotokozera za chip, ndipo ngakhale machitidwe a chip omwewo kuchokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana adzakhala osiyana.
Samalani kwambiri mapangidwewo ndikuganizirani mozama, ndipo ntchito ya bwalo ladera idzatsimikiziridwa pamlingo wina.Koma vuto la ESD likhoza kuwonekabe, kotero chitetezo cha bungwe ndichofunikanso kwambiri pachitetezo cha ESD.
66. Popanga bolodi la pcb, kuti muchepetse kusokoneza, kodi chingwe chapansi chiyenera kupanga mawonekedwe otsekedwa?
Mukamapanga matabwa a PCB, nthawi zambiri, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa dera la kuzungulira kuti muchepetse kusokoneza.Poyika waya pansi, sayenera kuikidwa mu mawonekedwe otsekedwa, koma mu mawonekedwe a dendritic.Dera la dziko lapansi.
67. Ngati emulator imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu imodzi ndipo bolodi la pcb limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu imodzi, kodi malo a magetsi awiriwa ayenera kulumikizidwa palimodzi?
Zingakhale bwino ngati magetsi osiyana angagwiritsidwe ntchito, chifukwa sikophweka kuyambitsa kusokoneza pakati pa magetsi, koma zipangizo zambiri zimakhala ndi zofunikira zenizeni.Popeza emulator ndi bolodi PCB ntchito magetsi awiri, ine sindikuganiza kuti ayenera kugawana nthaka yomweyo.
68. A dera wapangidwa angapo pcb matabwa.Kodi ayenera kugawana malo?
Dera lili ndi ma PCB angapo, ambiri omwe amafunikira malo amodzi, chifukwa sizothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi angapo pagawo limodzi.Koma ngati muli ndi zikhalidwe zenizeni, mungagwiritse ntchito magetsi osiyana, ndithudi kusokoneza kudzakhala kochepa.
69. Pangani chopangidwa m'manja ndi LCD ndi chipolopolo chachitsulo.Poyesa ESD, sichikhoza kuyesa ICE-1000-4-2, CONTACT ikhoza kudutsa 1100V yokha, ndipo AIR ikhoza kudutsa 6000V.Pakuyesa kophatikizana kwa ESD, yopingasa imatha kudutsa 3000V, ndipo yoyima imatha kudutsa 4000V.Ma frequency a CPU ndi 33MHZ.Kodi pali njira iliyonse yopititsira mayeso a ESD?
Zogulitsa m'manja ndizitsulo zachitsulo, kotero kuti zovuta za ESD ziyenera kuwonekera kwambiri, ndipo ma LCD atha kukhala ndi zovuta zambiri.Ngati palibe njira yosinthira chitsulo chomwe chilipo, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera zinthu zotsutsana ndi magetsi mkati mwa makinawo kuti mulimbikitse pansi pa PCB, ndipo nthawi yomweyo mupeze njira yochepetsera LCD.Inde, momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zimadalira momwe zinthu zilili.
70. Popanga dongosolo lokhala ndi DSP ndi PLD, ndi mbali ziti za ESD zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa?
Ponena za dongosolo lonse, magawo omwe amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi thupi la munthu ayenera kuganiziridwa makamaka, ndipo chitetezo choyenera chiyenera kuchitidwa pa dera ndi makina.Ponena za momwe ESD idzakhudzire dongosolo, zimatengera zochitika zosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-19-2023