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Enwere ụdị ibe abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ semiconductor mepụtara.N'ozuzu, a na-ekewa ibe ibe dịka ọrụ ha si dị.Agbanyeghị, a na-ekewa ha mgbe ụfọdụ gaa n'ụdị dị iche iche dabere na sekit agbakwunyere (IC) ejiri.
N'ihe gbasara ọrụ, akụkụ anọ bụ isi nke semiconductor bụ ibe ebe nchekwa, microprocessors, ibe ọkọlọtọ, na sistemụ mgbagwoju anya na mgbawa (SoC).Dịka ụdị sekit agbakwunyere, enwere ike kewaa ibe n'ụdị atọ: ibe dijitalụ, ibe analọgụ, na ibe ngwakọ.
Site n'echiche ọrụ, ibe ebe nchekwa semiconductor na-echekwa data na mmemme na kọmputa na ngwaọrụ nchekwa.
Mpempe nchekwa ohere ịnweta ohere (RAM) na-enye ohere ọrụ nwa oge, ebe ibe nchekwa flash na-echekwa ozi na-adịgide adịgide (ọ gwụla ma ehichapụrụ ya).Enweghị ike ịmegharị ibe naanị ebe nchekwa na-agụ naanị (ROM) na programmable Read Only Memory (PROM).N'ụzọ dị iche, ebe nchekwa naanị agụ naanị programmable (EPROM) na ebe nchekwa naanị agụ naanị (EEPROM) bụ nke enwere ike dochie ya.
Microprocessor nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa Central nhazi nkeji (CPUs).Sava Kọmputa, kọmputa nkeonwe (PC), mbadamba na smartphones nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ nhazi.
Ndị microprocessors 32-bit na 64-bit dị na PC na sava nke oge a dabere na ụlọ mgbawa x86, POWER na SPARC nke emepụtara ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga.N'aka nke ọzọ, ekwentị mkpanaaka dị ka smartphones na-ejikarị ARM mgbawa architecture.8-bit, 16-bit, na 24-bit microprocessors (nke a na-akpọ microcontrollers) na-adịchaghị ike na ngwaahịa dị ka ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka na ụgbọ ala.
Teknụzụ, ngalaba nhazi eserese (GPU) bụ microprocessor nwere ike ịtụgharị eserese maka ngosipụta na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị.Ewebata ya n'ahịa izugbe na 1999, a ma ama GPU maka ịnye eserese dị nro nke ndị ahịa na-atụ anya na vidiyo na egwuregwu ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Tupu ọbịbịa nke GPU n'ọgwụgwụ 1990s, ndị na-ahụ maka nhazi etiti (CPU) na-eme ihe ngosi eserese.Mgbe ejiri ya na CPU, GPU nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ kọmputa site n'iwepụ ụfọdụ ọrụ na-akpa ike, dị ka nsụgharị, site na CPU.Nke a na-eme ka nhazi ngwa ngwa ngwa n'ihi na GPU nwere ike ịrụ ọtụtụ ngụkọ n'otu oge.Ngbanwe a na-enyekwa ohere ịmepụta ngwanrọ dị elu na akụrụngwa na ihe omume dị ka ngwuputa cryptocurrency.
Sekit agbakwunyere ụlọ ọrụ (CICs) bụ microcircuits dị mfe eji eme usoro nhazi ugboro ugboro.A na-emepụta ibe ndị a n'ogo dị elu, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na otu ebumnuche dị ka ihe nyocha koodu.Ahịa maka sekit agbakwunyere ngwa ahịa nwere oke ala dị ala ma ndị nnukwu ndị na-emepụta semiconductor nke Eshia na-achịkwa ya.Ọ bụrụ na e mere IC maka otu ebumnuche, a na-akpọ ya ASIC ma ọ bụ Ngwa Specific Integrated Circuit.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eme bitcoin mining taa site n'enyemaka nke ASIC, nke na-arụ ọrụ naanị otu ọrụ: Ngwuputa.Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) bụ ọkọlọtọ IC ọzọ enwere ike ịhazi ya na nkọwapụta ndị nrụpụta.
SoC (sistemu na mgbawa) bụ otu n'ime ụdị ibe ọhụrụ kachasị ọhụrụ yana nke ndị nrụpụta ọhụrụ kachasị ewu ewu.N'ime SoC, akụrụngwa eletrọnịkị niile achọrọ maka sistemụ niile ka etinyere n'ime otu mgbawa.SoCs dị ọtụtụ karịa ibe microcontroller, nke na-ejikọta CPU na RAM, ROM, na ntinye/mmepụta (I/O).Na smartphones, SoC nwekwara ike jikọta eserese, igwefoto, na nhazi ọdịyo na vidiyo.Ịgbakwunye mgbawa njikwa na mgbawa redio na-emepụta ngwọta mgbawa atọ.
N'iji ụzọ dị iche iche na-ekewa ibe, ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta kọmputa nke oge a na-eji sekit dijitalụ.Sekit ndị a na-ejikọta transistor na ọnụ ụzọ mgbagha.Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbakwunye microcontroller.Sekit dijitalụ na-eji akara ngosi dị iche iche dijitalụ, na-adaberekarị na sekit ọnụọgụ abụọ.A na-ekenye voltaji abụọ dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla na-anọchite anya uru ezi uche dị iche iche.
E jirila ibe dijitalụ dochie ibe ibe Analog nke ukwuu (mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam).Igwe ọkụ na-abụkarị ibe analọgụ.Mgbama obosara ka na-achọ IC analog ma ka ejiri ya dị ka sensọ.Na sekit analog, voltaji na ugbu a na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge ụfọdụ na sekit.
Analog ICs na-agụnyekarị transistor na ihe ndị na-agafe agafe dị ka inductor, capacitors na resistors.Analog ICs na-adịkarị mfe na mkpọtụ ma ọ bụ obere mgbanwe voltaji, nke nwere ike iduga njehie.
Semiconductor maka sekit ngwakọ bụ IC dijitalụ nwere teknụzụ nkwado na-arụ ọrụ na sekit analọgụ na dijitalụ.Microcontrollers nwere ike ịgụnye ihe ntụgharị analọg-na-dijitalụ (ADC) iji nwee microcircuits analọgụ dị ka ihe mmetụta okpomọkụ.
N'ụzọ dị iche, ihe ntụgharị dijitalụ-na-analog (DAC) na-enye ohere ka microcontroller mepụta voltaji analọgụ iji bufee ọdịyo site na ngwaọrụ analog.
Ụlọ ọrụ semiconductor na-erite uru ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-emepe emepe n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ahịa kọmputa na ngwá electronic.Ịmara ụdị ụlọ ọrụ semiconductor na-emepụta dị ka CPUs, GPUs, ASICs nwere ike inyere gị aka ime mkpebi itinye ego na amamihe karịa n'ofe otu ụlọ ọrụ.
Oge nzipu: Jun-29-2023