Investopedia cov neeg koom nrog los ntawm ntau haiv neeg keeb kwm yav dhau los, nrog ntau txhiab tus kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws kho mob tau pab ntau tshaj 24 xyoo.
Muaj ob hom chips tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab semiconductor.Feem ntau, chips raug cais raws li lawv txoj haujlwm.Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum lawv tau muab faib ua ntau hom nyob ntawm qhov sib xyaw ua ke (IC) siv.
Hais txog kev ua haujlwm, plaub pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog cov cim xeeb chips, microprocessors, cov txheej txheem chips, thiab cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm cov nti (SoC).Raws li hom kev sib xyaw ua ke, chips tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb hom: digital chips, analog chips, thiab hybrid chips.
Los ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov pom, semiconductor nco chips khaws cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov kev pab cuam ntawm cov khoos phis tawj thiab cov khoom siv cia.
Random access memory (RAM) chips muab qhov chaw ua haujlwm ib ntus, thaum flash nco chips khaws cov ntaub ntawv mus tas li (tshwj tsis yog nws tau muab tshem tawm).Read Only Memory (ROM) thiab Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) chips tsis tuaj yeem hloov kho.Hauv qhov sib piv, erasable programmable nyeem nkaus xwb nco (EPROM) thiab hluav taws xob erasable nyeem nkaus xwb nco (EEPROM) chips yog hloov tau.
Lub microprocessor muaj ib lossis ntau qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv nruab nrab (CPUs).Computer servers, tus kheej lub computer (PCs), ntsiav tshuaj thiab smartphones yuav muaj ntau yam processors.
32-ntsis thiab 64-ntsis microprocessors nyob rau niaj hnub PCs thiab servers yog raws li x86, POWER, thiab SPARC nti architectures uas tau tsim ntau xyoo dhau los.Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov khoom siv txawb xws li smartphones feem ntau siv ARM chip architecture.Tsawg zog 8-ntsis, 16-ntsis, thiab 24-ntsis microprocessors (hu ua microcontrollers) yog siv rau hauv cov khoom xws li cov khoom ua si thiab tsheb.
Technically, ib chav ua haujlwm graphics (GPU) yog microprocessor muaj peev xwm ua cov duab kos rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.Qhia rau kev lag luam dav dav hauv xyoo 1999, GPUs paub txog kev xa cov duab zoo nkauj uas cov neeg siv khoom xav tau los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab niaj hnub thiab kev ua si.
Ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm GPU nyob rau hauv lub lig 1990s, graphics rendering tau ua los ntawm lub hauv paus ua unit (CPU).Thaum siv ua ke nrog CPU, GPU tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm hauv computer los ntawm kev xa tawm qee qhov kev pabcuam siv zog, xws li kev ua haujlwm, los ntawm CPU.Qhov no ua rau kev ua tiav daim ntawv thov vim tias GPU tuaj yeem ua ntau qhov kev suav tib lub sijhawm.Qhov kev hloov pauv no tseem tso cai rau kev txhim kho ntau dua thiab cov peev txheej siv software thiab kev ua ub no xws li cryptocurrency mining.
Industrial integrated circuits (CICs) yog cov microcircuits yooj yim siv los ua cov txheej txheem rov ua dua.Cov chips no yog tsim nyob rau hauv siab ntim thiab feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ib lub hom phiaj pab kiag li lawm xws li barcode scanners.Kev ua lag luam rau cov khoom lag luam sib xyaw ua ke yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov npoo qis thiab yog tus thawj coj los ntawm cov tuam txhab loj Asian semiconductor.Yog tias IC yog tsim los rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb, nws yog hu ua ASIC lossis Daim Ntawv Thov Kev Sib Koom Tes Tshwj Xeeb.Piv txwv li, bitcoin mining hnub no yog ua tiav nrog kev pab los ntawm ASIC, uas ua haujlwm tsuas yog ib qho: mining.Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) yog lwm tus qauv IC uas tuaj yeem hloov kho rau cov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb.
SoC (lub kaw lus ntawm lub nti) yog ib hom tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm cov chips thiab nrov tshaj plaws nrog cov tuam txhab tshiab.Hauv SoC, tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas xav tau rau tag nrho cov kab ke yog tsim rau hauv ib lub nti.SoCs muaj ntau yam tshaj li microcontroller chips, uas feem ntau ua ke CPU nrog RAM, ROM, thiab cov tswv yim / tso zis (I / O).Hauv smartphones, SoCs tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov duab, lub koob yees duab, thiab kev ua suab thiab video.Ntxiv cov nti tswj thiab lub xov tooj cua nti tsim ib qho kev daws teeb meem peb-chip.
Ua ib txoj hauv kev sib txawv rau kev faib cov chips, feem ntau cov khoos phis tawj niaj hnub siv siv digital circuits.Cov circuits no feem ntau ua ke cov transistors thiab logic rooj vag.Qee zaum muaj microcontroller ntxiv.Cov kab hluav taws xob digital siv cov teeb liab tsis sib xws, feem ntau ua raws li binary circuit.Ob qhov sib txawv voltages raug muab, txhua tus sawv cev rau tus nqi sib txawv.
Analog chips tau loj heev (tab sis tsis tag) hloov los ntawm cov chips digital.Cov chips fais fab feem ntau yog cov chips analog.Wideband signals tseem xav tau analog ICs thiab tseem siv los ua sensors.Nyob rau hauv analog circuits, voltage thiab tam sim no hloov tsis tu ncua ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus hauv Circuit Court.
Analog ICs feem ntau muaj xws li transistors thiab passive Cheebtsam xws li inductors, capacitor, thiab resistors.Analog ICs feem ntau ua rau lub suab nrov lossis qhov hloov pauv me me, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tsis raug.
Semiconductors rau hybrid circuits feem ntau yog cov ICs nrog cov thev naus laus zis ntxiv uas ua haujlwm nrog ob qho tib si analog thiab digital circuits.Microcontrollers tuaj yeem suav nrog analog-rau-digital converter (ADC) rau kev sib txuas nrog analog microcircuits xws li ntsuas kub.
Nyob rau hauv sib piv, ib tug digital-rau-analog converter (DAC) tso cai rau lub microcontroller los tsim analog voltages xa suab los ntawm ib tug analog ntaus ntawv.
Kev lag luam semiconductor muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj zog, tsim kho tshiab thoob plaws ntau ntu ntawm kev lag luam suav thiab hluav taws xob.Paub txog hom kev lag luam semiconductors tsim xws li CPUs, GPUs, ASICs tuaj yeem pab koj txiav txim siab nqis peev ntau dua thiab paub ntau dua thoob plaws pawg kev lag luam.
Post lub sij hawm: Jun-29-2023