ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi chip a me kahi papa kaapuni

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi chip a me kahi papa kaapuni:
He ʻokoʻa ka haku mele: Chip: He ala ia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kaapuni (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea semiconductor, me nā ʻāpana passive, etc.), a hana pinepine ʻia ma ka ʻili o nā wafers semiconductor.Kaapuni Hoʻohui: He mea uila liʻiliʻi a ʻāpana paha.
ʻO nā ʻano hana like ʻole: chip: hoʻohana i ka wafer silika aniani hoʻokahi e like me ka papa kumu, a laila hoʻohana i ka photolithography, doping, CMP a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe e hana i nā ʻāpana e like me MOSFET a i ʻole BJT, a laila hoʻohana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā ʻenehana CMP e hana i nā uea, no laila. hoʻopau ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka chip .
Kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia: Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi kaʻina hana, ua hui pū ʻia nā transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe a me nā uea e pono ai i kahi kaapuni, i hana ʻia ma kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​substrates dielectric, a laila hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka paipu. pūpū.

hoʻolauna:
Ma hope o ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka transistor a hana nui ʻia, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻāpana semiconductor solid-state e like me nā diodes a me nā transistors, e hoʻololi ana i ka hana a me ke kuleana o nā paipu māmā i nā kaapuni.I ka waena a me ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20, ʻo ka holomua o ka ʻenehana hana semiconductor i hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia.E hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana uila ʻokoʻa like ʻole me ka hoʻohui lima ʻana i nā kaapuni.
Hiki i nā kaapuni hoʻohui ke hoʻohui i ka nui o nā microtransistors i loko o kahi pahu liʻiliʻi, kahi holomua nui.ʻO ka hana nui o nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia, ka hilinaʻi, a me ke ʻano modular i ka hoʻolālā kaapuni i hōʻoia i ka hoʻokomo wikiwiki ʻana i nā kaʻa i hoʻohui ʻia ma mua o nā hoʻolālā e hoʻohana ana i nā transistors discrete.
ʻElua mau pono nui ma mua o nā transistors discrete: ke kumu kūʻai a me ka hana.ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa ma muli o ka paʻi ʻana o ka chip i kāna mau mea āpau i paʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana e photolithography, ma mua o ka hana ʻana i hoʻokahi transistor i ka manawa.
ʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana o nā ʻāpana a me ka emi ʻana o ka ikehu no ka mea liʻiliʻi nā ʻāpana a kokoke i kekahi.I ka makahiki 2006, ʻo ka ʻāpana chip mai kahi mau millimeter square a hiki i 350mm², a hiki i kēlā me kēia mm² ke hiki i hoʻokahi miliona transistors.