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Akwai nau'ikan kwakwalwan kwamfuta iri biyu da kamfanonin semiconductor ke samarwa.Gabaɗaya, ana rarraba kwakwalwan kwamfuta gwargwadon aikinsu.Koyaya, wasu lokuta ana raba su zuwa nau'ikan daban-daban dangane da haɗaɗɗen kewaye (IC) da ake amfani da su.
Dangane da aiki, manyan nau'ikan semiconductor guda huɗu sune kwakwalwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, microprocessors, daidaitattun kwakwalwan kwamfuta, da tsarin hadaddun akan guntu (SoC).Dangane da nau'in da'irar da aka haɗa, za a iya raba kwakwalwan kwamfuta zuwa nau'ikan uku: kwakwalwan dijital, kwakwalwan kwamfuta analog, da kwakwalwan kwamfuta.
Daga mahangar aiki, kwakwalwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na semiconductor tana adana bayanai da shirye-shirye akan kwamfutoci da na'urorin ajiya.
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar bazuwar (RAM) tana ba da wurin aiki na ɗan lokaci, yayin da kwakwalwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filasha ke adana bayanai har abada (sai dai idan an goge).Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙimar Karatu ne (PROM ) za a iya yi ba za a iya gyaggyarawa ba.Sabanin haka, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar abin karantawa kawai (EPROM) mai iya gogewa da kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu karantawa kawai (EEPROM) ana iya maye gurbinsu.
Microprocessor yana ƙunshe da guda ɗaya ko fiye na tsakiya masu sarrafawa (CPUs).Sabar kwamfuta, kwamfutoci na sirri (PC), allunan da wayoyi na iya samun na'urori masu sarrafawa da yawa.
Microprocessors 32-bit da 64-bit a cikin kwamfutoci da sabar yau sun dogara ne akan gine-ginen guntu na x86, POWER, da SPARC waɗanda aka haɓaka shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.A gefe guda, na'urorin hannu irin su wayoyi suna amfani da gine-ginen guntu na ARM.Ƙananan 8-bit, 16-bit, da 24-bit microprocessors (wanda ake kira microcontrollers) ana amfani da su a cikin samfurori kamar kayan wasa da abin hawa.
A fasaha, na'ura mai sarrafa hoto (GPU) microprocessor ce mai iya yin zane don nunawa akan na'urorin lantarki.An gabatar da shi ga babban kasuwa a cikin 1999, GPUs an san su don isar da zane mai santsi wanda masu amfani ke tsammani daga bidiyo da wasan kwaikwayo na zamani.
Kafin zuwan GPU a ƙarshen 1990s, sashin sarrafawa na tsakiya (CPU) ne ke yin zane-zane.Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da CPU, GPU na iya inganta aikin kwamfuta ta hanyar sauke wasu ayyuka masu ƙarfi, kamar yinwa, daga CPU.Wannan yana hanzarta sarrafa aikace-aikacen saboda GPU na iya yin ƙididdiga da yawa a lokaci guda.Wannan motsi kuma yana ba da damar haɓaka ƙarin ci gaba da haɓaka software da ayyuka kamar hakar ma'adinai na cryptocurrency.
Hanyoyin haɗaɗɗun masana'antu (CICs) ƙananan microcircuits ne waɗanda ake amfani da su don aiwatar da hanyoyin sarrafa maimaitawa.Ana samar da waɗannan kwakwalwan kwamfuta cikin babban girma kuma galibi ana amfani da su a cikin na'urori masu manufa guda ɗaya kamar na'urar sikanin lambar sirri.Kasuwar haɗe-haɗen da'irori na kayayyaki yana da ƙarancin ƙima kuma manyan masana'antun Asiya na Asiya sun mamaye su.Idan an yi IC don wata manufa ta musamman, ana kiranta ASIC ko Aikace-aikacen Taimakon Haɗin Kai.Misali, ana yin hakar ma'adinan bitcoin a yau tare da taimakon ASIC, wanda ke yin aiki ɗaya kawai: hakar ma'adinai.Filin Shirye-shiryen Ƙofar Ƙofar (FPGAs) wani madaidaicin IC ne wanda za'a iya keɓance shi don ƙayyadaddun ƙira.
SoC (tsari akan guntu) shine ɗayan sabbin nau'ikan kwakwalwan kwamfuta kuma mafi shahara tare da sabbin masana'anta.A cikin SoC, duk kayan lantarki da ake buƙata don tsarin gabaɗayan an gina su cikin guntu ɗaya.SoCs sun fi dacewa da kwakwalwan kwamfuta na microcontroller, waɗanda galibi suna haɗa CPU tare da RAM, ROM, da shigarwa/fitarwa (I/O).A cikin wayoyi, SoCs kuma na iya haɗa hotuna, kyamarori, da sarrafa sauti da bidiyo.Ƙara guntu mai sarrafawa da guntun rediyo yana haifar da mafita mai guntu uku.
Ɗaukar wata hanya ta daban don rarraba kwakwalwan kwamfuta, yawancin masu sarrafa kwamfuta na zamani suna amfani da da'irori na dijital.Wadannan da'irori yawanci suna haɗa transistor da ƙofofin dabaru.Wani lokaci ana ƙara microcontroller.Da'irori na dijital suna amfani da sigina masu hankali na dijital, yawanci bisa da'irar binary.Ana sanya nau'ikan ƙarfin lantarki guda biyu, kowanne yana wakiltar ƙimar ma'ana daban.
An maye gurbin kwakwalwan kwamfuta na analog (amma ba gaba ɗaya ba) da kwakwalwan kwamfuta na dijital.Kwakwalwar wutar lantarki yawanci kwakwalwan kwamfuta ne na analog.Sigina mai faɗi har yanzu suna buƙatar analog ICs kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su azaman firikwensin.A cikin da'irori na analog, ƙarfin lantarki da na yanzu suna ci gaba da canzawa a wasu wurare a cikin kewaye.
Analog ICs yawanci sun haɗa da transistor da abubuwan da ba su da amfani kamar inductor, capacitors, da resistors.Analog ICs sun fi dacewa da surutu ko ƙananan canjin wutar lantarki, wanda zai iya haifar da kurakurai.
Semiconductors don da'irori masu haɗaka yawanci ICs ne na dijital tare da ƙarin fasahar da ke aiki tare da da'irori na analog da dijital.Microcontrollers na iya haɗawa da analog-to-dijital Converter (ADC) don yin mu'amala tare da microcircuits na analog kamar na'urori masu auna zafin jiki.
Sabanin haka, mai canza dijital-zuwa-analog (DAC) yana bawa microcontroller damar haifar da ƙarfin lantarki don watsa sauti ta na'urar analog.
Masana'antar semiconductor tana da riba kuma tana da ƙarfi, tana yin sabbin abubuwa a sassa da yawa na kasuwannin kwamfuta da na lantarki.Sanin irin nau'ikan kamfanonin semiconductor suna samarwa kamar CPUs, GPUs, ASICs na iya taimaka muku yin wayo da ƙarin yanke shawara na saka hannun jari a cikin ƙungiyoyin masana'antu.
Lokacin aikawa: Juni-29-2023