PCB (Printed Circuit Board), sunan kasar Sin da aka buga da'ira, wanda kuma aka sani da bugu da aka buga, wani muhimmin bangaren lantarki ne, goyon baya ga kayan aikin lantarki, kuma mai ɗaukar nauyin haɗin lantarki na kayan lantarki.Domin ana yin ta ne ta amfani da bugu na lantarki, ana kiranta da allon kewayawa “bugu”.
1. Yadda za a zabi PCB board?
Zaɓin kwamitin PCB dole ne ya daidaita daidaito tsakanin buƙatun ƙira, samar da taro da farashi.Bukatun ƙira sun ƙunshi kayan aikin lantarki da na inji.Yawancin lokaci wannan batu yana da mahimmanci yayin zayyana allunan PCB masu sauri (yawanci fiye da GHz).
Misali, kayan FR-4 da aka saba amfani da su a yau bazai dace ba saboda asarar dielectric a mitar GHz da yawa zai yi tasiri sosai akan rage sigina.Dangane da batun wutar lantarki, yana da mahimmanci a kula da ko madaidaicin dielectric (dielectric akai) da asarar dielectric sun dace da mitar da aka tsara.
2. Yadda za a kauce wa babban tsangwama?
Babban ra'ayin guje wa tsangwama mai girma shine rage tsangwama na filayen siginar sigina mai girma, wanda shine abin da ake kira crosstalk (Crosstalk).Kuna iya ƙara nisa tsakanin siginar mai sauri da siginar analog, ko ƙara alamun tsaro na ƙasa kusa da siginar analog.Har ila yau kula da kutsawar amo na ƙasan dijital zuwa ƙasan analog.
3. A cikin ƙira mai sauri, yadda za a warware matsalar siginar siginar?
Mutuncin sigina ainihin al'amari ne na matching impedance.Abubuwan da ke shafar ma'auni na impedance sun haɗa da tsari da fitarwa na siginar siginar, halayen halayen halayen, halaye na ƙarshen kaya, da topology na alamar.Maganin shine a dogara da ƙarewa da daidaita yanayin yanayin wayoyi.
4. Yaya aka gane hanyar rarraba bambancin?
Akwai maki biyu don kula da wayoyi na nau'i-nau'i daban-daban.Ɗayan shi ne cewa tsawon layin biyu ya kamata ya kasance tsawon lokaci.Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu masu kama da juna, daya shine layin biyu suna gudana akan layin waya guda (gefe-da-gefe), ɗayan kuma shine layin biyu suna gudana akan saman sama da ƙasa kusa da yadudduka (over-under).Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da tsohon gefe-da-gefe (gefe da gefe, gefe da gefe) ta hanyoyi da yawa.
5. Don layin siginar agogo tare da tashar fitarwa ɗaya kawai, yaya ake aiwatar da wayoyi daban-daban?
Don amfani da wayoyi daban-daban, yana da ma'ana kawai cewa tushen sigina da mai karɓa duka sigina ne daban.Don haka ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da wayoyi daban-daban don siginar agogo mai fitarwa ɗaya kaɗai ba.
6. Shin za a iya ƙara resistor mai daidaitawa tsakanin nau'ikan layi na banbanta a ƙarshen karɓa?
Juriya mai dacewa tsakanin nau'i-nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) a ƙarshen karɓa, kuma ƙimarsa ya kamata ya zama daidai da ƙimar bambance-bambancen impedance.Ta wannan hanyar ingancin siginar zai fi kyau.
7. Me ya sa za a haɗa wayoyi na nau'i-nau'i daban-daban su kasance kusa da layi daya?
Hanya na nau'i-nau'i daban-daban ya kamata ya kasance kusa da daidai.Abin da ake kira kusancin da ya dace shine saboda nisa zai shafi darajar bambance-bambancen impedance, wanda shine muhimmin ma'auni don zayyana nau'i-nau'i daban-daban.Bukatar daidaitawa kuma shine saboda buƙatar kiyaye daidaito na bambance-bambancen impedance.Idan layukan biyu sun yi nisa ko kusa, bambance-bambancen bambance-bambancen zai zama rashin daidaituwa, wanda zai shafi amincin siginar (daidaicin siginar) da jinkirta lokaci (jinkirin lokaci).
8. Yadda za a magance wasu rikice-rikice na ka'idar a ainihin hanyar sadarwa
Ainihin, daidai ne a raba ƙasan analog/dijital.Ya kamata a lura cewa alamun siginar ba za su ƙetare wurin da aka raba (moat) ba kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma hanyar dawowa (hanyar dawowa) na wutar lantarki da siginar kada ta zama babba.
The crystal oscillator ne analog tabbatacce feedback oscillation kewaye.Don samun tsayayyen siginar oscillation, dole ne ya dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙimar madauki da lokaci.Koyaya, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun juyawa na siginar analog ɗin yana cikin sauƙi cikin damuwa, kuma ko da ƙara alamun tsaro na ƙasa bazai iya ware tsangwama gaba ɗaya ba.Kuma idan ya yi nisa sosai, hayaniyar da ke kan jirgin ƙasa kuma za ta yi tasiri ga da'irar oscillation mai kyau.Saboda haka, nisa tsakanin oscillator crystal da guntu dole ne ya kasance kusa da yiwuwar.
Lallai, akwai rikice-rikice da yawa tsakanin babban saurin tuƙi da buƙatun EMI.Amma ainihin ka'ida ita ce, resistors da capacitors ko ferrite beads da aka ƙara saboda EMI ba zai iya haifar da wasu halayen lantarki na siginar su gaza cika ƙayyadaddun bayanai ba.Don haka, yana da kyau a yi amfani da dabarun tsara wayoyi da tarawar PCB don magance ko rage matsalolin EMI, kamar sarrafa sigina masu saurin gudu zuwa Layer na ciki.A ƙarshe, yi amfani da capacitor ko ferrite don rage lalacewar siginar.
9. Yadda za a warware sabani tsakanin wayar hannu da na'ura ta atomatik na sigina mai sauri?
Yawancin masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta atomatik na software mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a yanzu sun kafa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin sarrafa hanyar da adadin ta hanyar.Abubuwan da aka saita na ƙarfin injin iska da yanayin ƙuntatawa na kamfanonin EDA daban-daban wani lokaci sun bambanta sosai.
Misali, akwai isassun takurawa don sarrafa hanyar macizai, za a iya sarrafa tazarar nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, da sauransu.Wannan zai shafi ko hanyar da aka samu ta hanyar kai tsaye zata iya saduwa da ra'ayin mai zane.
Bugu da ƙari, wahalar daidaita wayoyi da hannu kuma yana da cikakkiyar alaƙa tare da ikon injin iska.Misali, iya tura burbushi, da turawa ta hanyar, har ma da turawa zuwa jan karfe, da dai sauransu. Saboda haka, zabar na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa mai karfin jujjuyawar injin shine mafita.
10. Game da takardun shaida.
Ana amfani da takardar shaidar gwajin don auna ko halayen halayen PCB da aka samar ya dace da buƙatun ƙira tare da TDR (Time Domain Reflectometer).Gabaɗaya, abin da za a sarrafa shi yana da shari'o'i biyu: layi ɗaya da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban.Don haka, faɗin layi da tazarar layi (lokacin da akwai nau'i-nau'i daban-daban) akan takaddun gwajin ya kamata su kasance daidai da layin da za a sarrafa.
Abu mafi mahimmanci shine matsayi na batu na ƙasa lokacin aunawa.Domin rage darajar inductance na gubar ƙasa (gudun ƙasa), wurin da aka ƙaddamar da binciken TDR (bincike) yawanci yana kusa da wurin da aka auna siginar (tushen bincike).Saboda haka, nisa da hanyar da ke tsakanin wurin da aka auna siginar a kan coupon gwajin da kuma ƙasa don daidaita binciken da aka yi amfani da shi.
11. A high-gudun PCB zane, da blank yankin na siginar Layer za a iya rufe da jan karfe, amma ta yaya ya kamata a rarraba jan karfe na mahara sigina yadudduka a kan grounding da kuma samar da wutar lantarki?
Gabaɗaya, yawancin tagulla a cikin yankin da babu komai an yi ƙasa.Kawai kula da nisa tsakanin jan karfe da siginar sigina lokacin ajiye jan karfe kusa da layin sigina mai sauri, saboda jan ƙarfe da aka ajiye zai rage halayen halayen ɗanɗano.Har ila yau a yi taka tsantsan don kada a yi tasiri ga halayen wasu yadudduka, kamar a tsarin layin tsiri biyu.
12. Shin yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da samfurin layin microstrip don ƙididdige ƙimar siginar siginar sama da jirgin sama?Za a iya ƙididdige siginar da ke tsakanin wutar lantarki da jirgin ƙasa ta amfani da ƙirar tsiri?
Ee, duka jirgin wutar lantarki da na ƙasa dole ne a yi la'akari da su azaman jirage masu tunani yayin ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun halayen halayen.Misali, allo mai Layer hudu: saman Layer-power Layer-ground Layer-kasa Layer.A wannan lokacin, samfurin sifa na halayen haɓakar alamar saman saman shine ƙirar layin microstrip tare da jirgin sama mai ƙarfi azaman jirgin sama mai tunani.
13. Gabaɗaya, za a iya samar da atomatik na gwajin maki ta software akan allon bugu mai girma ya dace da buƙatun gwaji na samar da taro?
Ko maki gwajin da babbar manhaja ta samar ta atomatik sun cika buƙatun gwajin ya dogara akan ko ƙayyadaddun abubuwan ƙara wuraren gwaji sun cika buƙatun kayan gwajin.Bugu da kari, idan wayoyi sun yi yawa kuma ƙayyadaddun don ƙara wuraren gwaji yana da tsauri, maiyuwa ba zai yiwu a ƙara wuraren gwaji ta atomatik zuwa kowane ɓangaren layin ba.Tabbas, wajibi ne a cika wuraren da za a gwada da hannu.
14. Shin ƙara gwajin gwajin zai shafi ingancin sigina mai sauri?
Dangane da ko zai shafi ingancin siginar, ya dogara da hanyar ƙara abubuwan gwaji da saurin siginar.Ainihin, ana iya ƙara ƙarin wuraren gwaji (ba yin amfani da fil ɗin da ke wanzu ta hanyar ko DIP a matsayin wuraren gwaji) zuwa layin ko cire shi daga layin.Tsohon yayi daidai da ƙara ƙaramin capacitor akan layi, yayin da na ƙarshe shine ƙarin reshe.
Wadannan yanayi guda biyu za su shafi sigina mai sauri fiye ko žasa, kuma matakin tasiri yana da alaƙa da saurin saurin siginar da ƙimar siginar (kuɗin gefen).Ana iya sanin girman tasirin ta hanyar kwaikwayo.A ka'ida, ƙananan gwajin gwajin, mafi kyau (ba shakka, dole ne ya dace da bukatun kayan gwajin).Mafi guntu reshe, mafi kyau.
15. Yawancin PCBs suna samar da tsarin, ta yaya za a haɗa wayoyi na ƙasa tsakanin allon?
Lokacin da aka haɗa sigina ko wutar da ke tsakanin allunan PCB daban-daban da juna, alal misali, allon A yana da iko ko siginar da aka aika zuwa jirgi B, dole ne a sami adadin daidaitattun adadin da ke gudana daga ƙasan ƙasa zuwa allon A (wannan shine. Kirchoff dokar yanzu).
A halin yanzu a kan wannan samuwar zai sami wurin mafi ƙarancin juriya don komawa baya.Don haka, adadin fil ɗin da aka sanya wa jirgin ƙasa bai kamata ya zama ƙanƙanta ba a kowane nau'in sadarwa, ko da wutar lantarki ce ko sigina, ta yadda za a rage ƙwanƙwasa, wanda zai iya rage hayaniyar jirgin ƙasa.
Har ila yau, yana yiwuwa a bincika duk madauki na yanzu, musamman ma ɓangaren da ke da babban halin yanzu, da kuma daidaita hanyar haɗi na samuwar ko waya ta ƙasa don sarrafa halin yanzu (misali, haifar da ƙananan impedance a wani wuri, don haka. mafi yawan abubuwan da ke gudana a halin yanzu daga wannan wuraren), rage tasiri akan sauran sigina masu mahimmanci.
16. Za ku iya gabatar da wasu littattafan fasaha na ƙasashen waje da bayanai akan ƙirar PCB mai sauri?
Yanzu ana amfani da da'irori masu sauri na dijital a fannoni masu alaƙa kamar hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa da ƙididdiga.Dangane da hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa, mitar aiki na allon PCB ya kai GHz, kuma adadin da aka tattara ya kai Layer Layer 40 a iya sanina.
Aikace-aikace masu alaƙa da ƙididdiga kuma saboda ci gaban kwakwalwan kwamfuta.Ko babban PC ne ko uwar garken (Server), matsakaicin mitar aiki akan allo shima ya kai 400MHz (kamar Rambus).
Dangane da buƙatun tafiye-tafiye masu tsayi da tsayi, buƙatar makafi / binne vias, mikrovias da fasahar aiwatarwa na haɓakawa sannu a hankali.Waɗannan buƙatun ƙira suna samuwa don samarwa da yawa ta masana'antun.
17. Biyu akai-akai nassoshi halayyar impedance dabara:
Layin Microstrip (microstrip) Z={87/[sqrt(Er+1.41)]}ln[5.98H/(0.8W+T)] inda W shine fadin layin, T shine kaurin jan karfe na alamar, kuma H shine Nisa daga alamar zuwa jirgin sama, Er shine dielectric akai na PCB abu (dielectric akai).Ana iya amfani da wannan dabara kawai lokacin da 0.1≤(W/H)≤2.0 da 1≤(Er)≤15.
Stripline (stripline) Z=[60/sqrt(Er)]ln{4H/[0.67π(T+0.8W)]} inda, H shine nisa tsakanin jiragen sama guda biyu, kuma alamar tana tsakiyar tsakiyar. jiragen sama guda biyu.Ana iya amfani da wannan dabara kawai lokacin da W/H≤0.35 da T/H≤0.25.
18. Za a iya ƙara waya ta ƙasa a tsakiyar layin siginar daban?
Gabaɗaya, ba za a iya ƙara wayar ƙasa a tsakiyar siginar banbanta ba.Domin mafi mahimmancin mahimmin ka'idar aikace-aikacen alamomin banbance-banbance shine amfani da fa'idodin da ake samu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa (haɗin kai) tsakanin siginar banbance-banbance, kamar sokewar ruwa, rigakafin hayaniya, da sauransu. Idan an ƙara wayar ƙasa a tsakiya. za a lalata tasirin haɗin gwiwa.
19. Shin ƙirar allo mai tsauri na buƙatar ƙirar ƙira ta musamman da ƙayyadaddun bayanai?
Za a iya ƙera da'ira mai sassauƙan bugu (FPC) tare da software na ƙirar PCB na gaba ɗaya.Hakanan yi amfani da tsarin Gerber don samarwa don masana'antun FPC.
20. Menene ka'idar da kyau zabar wurin da PCB da harka?
Ka'idar zaɓin filin ƙasa na PCB da harsashi shine yin amfani da ƙasan chassis don samar da hanyar da ba ta da ƙarfi don dawo da halin yanzu (dawowar halin yanzu) da sarrafa hanyar dawo da halin yanzu.Misali, yawanci kusa da na'urar mitar mita ko janareta na agogo, ana iya haɗa layin ƙasa na PCB tare da ƙasan chassis ta hanyar daidaita sukurori don rage girman madauki na yanzu, ta haka ne ke rage hasken lantarki.
21. Waɗanne al'amura ya kamata mu fara da su don DEBUG na allo?
Dangane da da'irar dijital, da farko ƙayyade abubuwa uku a jere:
1. Tabbatar cewa duk ƙimar wadata suna da girman ƙira.Wasu tsarin da ke da kayan wuta da yawa na iya buƙatar takamaiman takamaiman tsari da saurin wasu kayan wuta.
2. Tabbatar cewa duk mitocin siginar agogo suna aiki da kyau kuma babu wasu batutuwan da ba monotonic ba akan gefuna na siginar.
3. Tabbatar da ko siginar sake saiti ya sadu da ƙayyadaddun buƙatun.Idan duk waɗannan al'ada ne, guntu ya kamata ya aika da siginar zagayowar farko (zagaye).Na gaba, cire kuskure bisa ga ka'idar aiki da tsarin bas.
22. Lokacin da girman da'irar da aka gyara, idan ƙarin ayyuka bukatar da za a saukar a cikin zane, shi ne sau da yawa wajibi ne don ƙara da alama yawa na PCB, amma wannan na iya haifar da inganta juna tsangwama na burbushi, da kuma a. a lokaci guda, alamun suna da bakin ciki sosai don ƙara haɓaka.Ba za a iya saukar da shi ba, don Allah masana sun gabatar da ƙwarewa a cikin ƙirar PCB mai girma mai sauri (≥100MHz)?
Lokacin zayyana manyan PCBs masu saurin gudu da yawa, ya kamata a ba da tsangwama ga tsangwama ta musamman saboda yana da tasiri mai girma akan lokaci da amincin sigina.
Ga kadan abubuwan da ya kamata a kula da su:
Sarrafa ci gaba da daidaita ma'aunin abin da ya faru.
Girman tazarar alama.Gabaɗaya, tazarar da ake yawan gani shine faɗin layi sau biyu.Ana iya sanin tasirin tazarar alama akan lokaci da amincin sigina ta hanyar kwaikwayo, kuma ana iya samun mafi ƙarancin tazara.Sakamako na iya bambanta daga guntu zuwa guntu.
Zaɓi hanyar ƙarewa da ta dace.
Ka guje wa hanya iri ɗaya na alamun saman sama da na ƙasa na kusa, ko ma jerawa na sama da na ƙasa, saboda irin wannan tatsuniya ta fi na maƙwabtan da ke kusa da layi ɗaya.
Yi amfani da makafi/binne ta hanyar waya don ƙara wurin ganowa.Amma farashin masana'anta na hukumar PCB zai karu.Lallai yana da wahala a cimma cikakkiyar daidaito da tsayi daidai a ainihin aiwatarwa, amma har yanzu ya zama dole a yi shi gwargwadon iko.
Bugu da kari, ana iya tanadin ƙarewar banbancewa da ƙarewar yanayin gama-gari don rage tasirin lokaci da amincin sigina.
23. Mai tacewa a wutar lantarki na analog shine sau da yawa LC kewaye.Amma me yasa wani lokaci LC ke tace ƙasa da inganci fiye da RC?
Kwatankwacin tasirin tacewar LC da RC dole ne a yi la'akari da ko rukunin mitar da za a tace da kuma zaɓin ƙimar inductance sun dace.Domin reactance inductive (reactance) na inductor yana da alaƙa da ƙimar inductance da mita.
Idan amo na wutar lantarki ya yi ƙasa kuma ƙimar inductance bai isa ba, tasirin tacewa bazai yi kyau kamar RC ba.Duk da haka, farashin da za a biya don amfani da RC tace shine cewa resistor da kansa yana watsar da wutar lantarki, ba shi da inganci, kuma yana kula da yawan ƙarfin da aka zaɓa zai iya ɗauka.
24. Menene hanyar zabar inductance da ƙimar capacitance lokacin tacewa?
Baya ga mitar hayaniyar da kuke son tacewa, zaɓin ƙimar inductance shima yana la'akari da damar amsawa na halin yanzu nan take.Idan tashar fitarwa ta LC tana da damar da za ta fitar da babban halin yanzu nan take, ƙimar inductance mai girma da yawa za ta hana saurin babban na yanzu da ke gudana ta cikin inductor kuma yana ƙara hayaniyar ripple.Ƙimar capacitance tana da alaƙa da girman ƙimar ƙayyadaddun amo wanda za a iya jurewa.
Karamin ƙimar ƙimar hayaniyar da ake buƙata, mafi girman ƙimar capacitor.ESR/ESL na capacitor shima zai yi tasiri.Bugu da ƙari, idan an sanya LC a wurin fitarwa na ikon canza canjin, ya kamata kuma a kula da tasirin igiya / sifilin da LC ya haifar akan kwanciyar hankali na madauki mai kulawa mara kyau..
25. Yadda za a cika buƙatun EMC kamar yadda zai yiwu ba tare da haifar da matsa lamba mai yawa ba?
Haɓaka farashin saboda EMC akan PCB yawanci shine saboda haɓakar adadin yadudduka na ƙasa don haɓaka tasirin garkuwa da ƙari na ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, shake da sauran na'urori masu saurin jujjuyawar jituwa.Bugu da ƙari, yawanci ya zama dole don haɗa kai tare da tsarin garkuwa akan wasu hanyoyin don sa tsarin gaba ɗaya ya wuce abubuwan EMC.Wadannan su ne ƴan shawarwarin ƙira na hukumar PCB don rage tasirin hasken lantarki da kewaye ke haifarwa.
Zaɓi na'ura mai saurin kisa gwargwadon iyawa don rage manyan abubuwan da siginar ke haifarwa.
Kula da jeri na babban mitoci, ba kusa da masu haɗin waje ba.
Kula da impedance daidaitattun sigina masu saurin sauri, layin wayoyi da hanyar dawowa ta yanzu (dawowar ta yanzu) don rage yawan tunani da radiation.
Sanya isassu kuma dacewa masu iya cire haɗin gwiwa a fitilun wuta na kowace na'ura don matsakaicin amo akan wutar lantarki da jiragen ƙasa.Kula da hankali na musamman ko amsawar mitar da halayen zafin jiki na capacitor sun dace da buƙatun ƙira.
Za a iya raba ƙasa kusa da mai haɗin waje da kyau daga samuwar, kuma ƙasan mai haɗawa ya kamata a haɗa shi da ƙasan chassis kusa.
Yi amfani da alamun tsaro na ƙasa da kyau kusa da wasu sigina masu sauri na musamman.Amma kula da tasirin gadi / shunt burbushi a kan halayen halayen alamar.
Ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana da 20H a ciki fiye da samuwar, kuma H shine tazarar tsakanin layin wutar lantarki da samuwar.
26. Lokacin da akwai mahara dijital / analog ayyuka tubalan a daya PCB kwamitin, na kowa yi shi ne ya raba dijital / analog ƙasa.Menene dalili?
Dalilin rabuwa na dijital / analog ƙasa shine saboda da'irar dijital za ta haifar da hayaniya a kan samar da wutar lantarki da ƙasa lokacin da ake canzawa tsakanin manyan ayyuka da ƙananan.Girman amo yana da alaƙa da saurin sigina da girman halin yanzu.Idan ba a rarraba jirgin ƙasa ba kuma ƙarar da ke haifar da kewayawa a cikin dijital tana da girma kuma kewayawa a cikin yankin analog ɗin yana da kusanci sosai, to ko da siginar dijital da na analog ba su haye ba, siginar analog ɗin zai ci gaba da tsangwama. ta kasa hayaniyar.Wato hanyar rashin rarraba filayen dijital da analog za a iya amfani da shi ne kawai lokacin da yankin da'irar analog yayi nisa da yankin da'irar dijital wanda ke haifar da babbar hayaniya.
27. Wata hanya kuma ita ce tabbatar da cewa tsarin dijital / analog daban-daban da layin siginar dijital / analog ba su ketare juna ba, ba a raba dukkan allon PCB ba, kuma an haɗa filin dijital / analog ɗin zuwa wannan jirgin ƙasa.Menene amfanin?
Abin da ake bukata cewa alamar siginar dijital-analog ba za ta iya hayewa ba saboda hanyar dawowa na yanzu (dawowar halin yanzu) na siginar dijital mai ɗan sauri zai yi ƙoƙarin komawa zuwa tushen siginar dijital tare da ƙasa kusa da kasan alamar.giciye, amo da aka haifar ta hanyar dawo da halin yanzu zai bayyana a cikin yankin da'irar analog.
28. Yadda za a yi la'akari da matsalar matching impedance a lokacin da zayyana schematic zane na high-gudun PCB zane?
Lokacin zayyana da'irori na PCB masu sauri, matching impedance ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan ƙira.Ƙimar impedance tana da cikakkiyar alaƙa tare da hanyar tuƙi, kamar tafiya a kan saman Layer (microstrip) ko Layer na ciki (stripline / stripline biyu), nisa daga ma'aunin tunani (Layin wuta ko ƙasa), nisa alama, PCB abu, da dai sauransu Dukansu za su shafi halayyar impedance darajar da alama.
Wato, za a iya ƙayyade ƙimar impedance kawai bayan an haɗa waya.Gabaɗaya software na kwaikwayi ba za ta iya yin la'akari da wasu sharuɗɗan wayoyi tare da dakatarwa ba saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙirar layi ko algorithm na lissafi da aka yi amfani da su.A wannan lokacin, kawai wasu masu ƙarewa (terminations), kamar jerin resistors, za'a iya adana su akan zane mai tsari.don rage tasirin katsewar abubuwan da ba a iya gani ba.Ainihin mahimmancin maganin matsalar shine a yi ƙoƙarin guje wa katsewa lokacin da ake waya.
29. A ina zan iya samar da ingantaccen ɗakin karatu na samfurin IBIS?
Daidaiton samfurin IBIS yana rinjayar sakamakon kwaikwayo kai tsaye.Ainihin, ana iya ɗaukar IBIS azaman bayanan halayen lantarki na daidai da kewaye na ainihin guntu I/O buffer, wanda gabaɗaya ana iya samu ta hanyar canza ƙirar SPICE, kuma bayanan SPICE yana da cikakkiyar alaƙa tare da masana'antar guntu, don haka na'urar iri ɗaya ce ta masu kera guntu daban-daban.Bayanan da ke cikin SPICE ya bambanta, kuma bayanan da ke cikin ƙirar IBIS da aka canza su ma za su bambanta daidai da haka.
Wato idan aka yi amfani da na'urorin masana'anta A, kawai su ne ke da ikon samar da sahihin bayanan samfurin na'urorinsu, domin babu wanda ya fi su sanin yadda ake sarrafa na'urorin nasu.Idan IBIS da masana'anta suka bayar bai dace ba, mafita ɗaya kawai shine a ci gaba da tambayar masana'anta don ingantawa.
30. Lokacin zayyana PCBs masu sauri, daga wane nau'in ya kamata masu zanen kaya suyi la'akari da dokokin EMC da EMI?
Gabaɗaya, ƙirar EMI/EMC tana buƙatar la'akari da bangarorin da aka haskaka da kuma gudanar da su.Na farko yana cikin ɓangaren mitar mafi girma (≥30MHz) kuma na ƙarshen yana cikin ƙananan mitar (≤30MHz).
Don haka ba za ku iya kawai kula da babban mitar ba kuma ku yi watsi da sashin ƙananan mitar.Kyakkyawan zane na EMI / EMC dole ne yayi la'akari da matsayi na na'urar, tsarin tsarin PCB, hanyar haɗin kai mai mahimmanci, zaɓi na na'urar, da dai sauransu a farkon shimfidar wuri.Idan babu wani tsari mafi kyau a gaba, za'a iya warware shi bayan haka Zai sami sakamako sau biyu tare da rabin ƙoƙarin kuma ƙara yawan farashi.
Alal misali, matsayin janareta na agogo bai kamata ya kasance kusa da mai haɗin waje ba kamar yadda zai yiwu, siginar mai sauri ya kamata ya je cikin Layer na ciki kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma ya kula da ci gaba da halayyar impedance matching da kuma nuni Layer don rage tunani, kuma gangara (slew rate) na siginar da na'urar ta tura ya kamata ya zama ƙanƙanta kamar yadda zai yiwu don rage girman lokacin da za a zabi capacitor decoupling/bypass, kula da ko amsawar mitar ta cika bukatun don ragewa. hayaniya jirgin sama.
Bugu da ƙari, kula da hanyar dawowa na siginar sigina mai girma na yanzu don sanya yankin madauki a matsayin ƙananan kamar yadda zai yiwu (wato, maɗaukakin madauki yana da ƙananan kamar yadda zai yiwu) don rage radiation.Hakanan yana yiwuwa a sarrafa kewayon amo mai girma ta hanyar rarraba samuwar.A ƙarshe, da kyau zaɓi wurin ƙasa na PCB da shari'ar (ƙasan chassis).
31. Yadda za a zabi kayan aikin EDA?
A cikin software na ƙirar pcb na yanzu, nazarin thermal ba abu ne mai ƙarfi ba, don haka ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da shi ba.Don wasu ayyuka 1.3.4, zaku iya zaɓar PADS ko Cadence, kuma aikin da ƙimar farashin suna da kyau.Masu farawa a cikin ƙirar PLD za su iya amfani da haɗin haɗin gwiwar da masana'antun PLD ke bayarwa, kuma ana iya amfani da kayan aikin maki ɗaya yayin zayyana kofofi sama da miliyan ɗaya.
32. Da fatan za a ba da shawarar software na EDA wanda ya dace da sarrafa sigina mai sauri da watsawa.
Don ƙirar da'ira ta al'ada, INNOVEDA's PADS yana da kyau sosai, kuma akwai software na simulation da suka dace, kuma irin wannan ƙirar galibi tana ɗaukar kashi 70% na aikace-aikacen.Don ƙirar da'ira mai sauri, analog da haɗaɗɗen dijital dijital, maganin Cadence yakamata ya zama software mai inganci da farashi.Tabbas, aikin Mentor har yanzu yana da kyau sosai, musamman sarrafa tsarin ƙirar sa ya kamata ya zama mafi kyau.
33. Bayanin ma'anar kowane Layer na PCB board
Topoverlay — sunan babbar na'urar, wanda kuma ake kira saman siliki ko almara na saman, kamar R1 C5,
IC10.bottomoverlay – kama da yawa multilayer — – Idan ka zana 4-Layer allo, ka sanya free pad ko via, ayyana shi a matsayin multilay, to, ta kushin zai bayyana kai tsaye a kan 4 layers, idan Ka kawai ayyana shi a matsayin saman Layer. sannan pad dinsa zai bayyana a saman Layer kawai.
34. Waɗanne abubuwa ne ya kamata a kula da su a cikin ƙira, kewayawa da tsararrun PCBs masu tsayi sama da 2G?
PCBs masu tsayi sama da 2G suna cikin ƙirar mitar rediyo, kuma ba su cikin iyakokin tattaunawa na ƙirar da'irar dijital mai sauri.Ya kamata a yi la'akari da shimfidu da hanyar da'irar RF tare da zane-zane, saboda shimfidawa da kewayawa zasu haifar da tasirin rarrabawa.
Haka kuma, wasu na'urori masu wucewa a cikin ƙirar da'irar RF ana samun su ta hanyar ma'anar ma'anar ma'ana da foil na jan karfe na musamman.Don haka, ana buƙatar kayan aikin EDA don samar da na'urori masu daidaitawa da kuma gyara foil ɗin jan ƙarfe na musamman.
Gidan allo na Mentor yana da keɓaɓɓen ƙirar ƙirar RF wanda ya dace da waɗannan buƙatun.Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar mitar rediyo na gabaɗaya yana buƙatar kayan aikin bincike na mitar rediyo na musamman, mafi shahara a cikin masana'antar shine agilent's eesoft, wanda ke da kyakkyawar mu'amala tare da kayan aikin Mentor.
35. Don ƙirar PCB mai girma sama da 2G, waɗanne dokoki ya kamata ƙirar microstrip ta bi?
Don ƙirar layin RF microstrip, ya zama dole a yi amfani da kayan aikin bincike na filin 3D don cire sigogin layin watsawa.Dole ne a keɓance duk ƙa'idodi a cikin wannan kayan aikin hakar filin.
36. Don PCB tare da duk siginar dijital, akwai tushen agogon 80MHz akan allo.Baya ga yin amfani da ragar waya (ƙasa ƙasa), wane irin da'ira ya kamata a yi amfani da shi don kariya domin a tabbatar da isassun ƙarfin tuƙi?
Don tabbatar da ikon tuƙi na agogo, bai kamata a gane shi ta hanyar kariya ba.Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da agogon don fitar da guntu.Babban damuwa game da ƙarfin tuƙi na agogo yana faruwa ne ta hanyar lodin agogo da yawa.Ana amfani da guntu direban agogo don juyar da siginar agogo ɗaya zuwa da yawa, kuma ana ɗaukar haɗin batu-zuwa.Lokacin zabar guntu direba, ban da tabbatar da cewa ainihin ya dace da kaya kuma siginar siginar ta cika buƙatun (gaba ɗaya, agogon sigina ce mai tasiri), lokacin ƙididdige lokacin tsarin, jinkirin agogo a cikin direba. dole ne a yi la'akari da guntu.
37. Idan aka yi amfani da allon siginar agogo daban, wane irin nau'i ne ake amfani da shi gabaɗaya don tabbatar da cewa watsa siginar agogon ya ragu?
Matsakaicin siginar agogo, ƙarami tasirin layin watsawa.Yin amfani da allon siginar agogo daban zai ƙara tsawon tafiyar siginar.Sannan kuma matsalar wutar lantarki ta kasa na hukumar ita ma matsala ce.Don watsa mai nisa, ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da sigina daban-daban.Girman L na iya biyan buƙatun ƙarfin tuƙi, amma agogon ku baya da sauri sosai, ba lallai bane.
38, 27M, layin agogo na SDRAM (80M-90M), jituwa na biyu da na uku na waɗannan layukan agogo suna cikin band ɗin VHF ne kawai, kuma tsangwama yana da girma sosai bayan babban mitar ya shiga daga ƙarshen karɓa.Baya ga gajarta tsawon layin, wadanne hanyoyi ne masu kyau?
Idan harmonic na uku yana da girma kuma na biyun na biyu karami ne, yana iya zama saboda zagayowar aikin siginar kashi 50% ne, saboda a wannan yanayin, siginar ba ta da madaidaicin daidaito.A wannan lokacin, wajibi ne don canza yanayin aikin siginar.Bugu da kari, idan siginar agogo ba ta kai tsaye ba, ana amfani da madaidaicin jerin ƙarshen tushen gabaɗaya.Wannan yana danne tunani na biyu ba tare da ya shafi ƙimar gefen agogo ba.Ana iya samun madaidaicin ƙimar a ƙarshen tushe ta amfani da dabarar da ke cikin hoton da ke ƙasa.
39. Menene topology na wayoyi?
Topology, wasu kuma ana kiran su da oda.Domin odar wayoyi na cibiyar sadarwar da aka haɗa ta tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa.
40. Yadda za a daidaita topology na wayoyi don inganta amincin siginar?
Irin wannan siginar siginar cibiyar sadarwa ya fi rikitarwa, saboda ga siginar ta hanya ɗaya, ta biyu, da sigina na matakai daban-daban, topology yana da tasiri daban-daban, kuma yana da wahala a faɗi ko wane nau'in topology ne ke da fa'ida ga ingancin siginar.Bugu da ƙari, lokacin yin pre-simulation, wanda topology don amfani da shi yana da matukar bukatar injiniyoyi, kuma yana buƙatar fahimtar ka'idodin kewayawa, nau'ikan sigina, har ma da matsalolin wayoyi.
41. Yadda za a rage matsalolin EMI ta hanyar tsara tari?
Da farko, ya kamata a yi la'akari da EMI daga tsarin, kuma PCB kadai ba zai iya magance matsalar ba.Ga EMI, Ina tsammanin cewa tari shine galibi don samar da mafi guntuwar hanyar dawowar sigina, rage yankin haɗin gwiwa, da kuma kawar da tsangwama na yanayi daban-daban.Bugu da ƙari, Layer na ƙasa da madaurin wutar lantarki suna haɗuwa sosai, kuma tsawo ya fi girma fiye da ƙarfin lantarki, wanda ke da kyau don murkushe tsangwama na gama-gari.
42. Me ya sa ake shimfiɗa tagulla?
Gabaɗaya, akwai dalilai da yawa na kwanciya jan ƙarfe.
1. EMC.Don ƙasa mai girma ko kuma samar da wutar lantarki tagulla, zai taka rawar kariya, kuma wasu na musamman, kamar PGND, za su taka rawar kariya.
2. PCB tsari bukatun.Gabaɗaya, don tabbatar da tasirin electroplating ko lamination ba tare da nakasawa ba, ana ɗora jan ƙarfe akan layin PCB tare da ƙarancin wayoyi.
3. Bukatun amincin sigina, ba da sigina na dijital mai girma-girma cikakkiyar hanyar dawowa, da rage wayoyi na cibiyar sadarwar DC.Tabbas, akwai kuma dalilai na zubar da zafi, shigarwa na musamman na na'ura yana buƙatar kwanciya tagulla, da sauransu.
43. A cikin tsarin, an haɗa dsp da pld, waɗanne matsaloli ne ya kamata a kula da su lokacin yin waya?
Dubi rabon siginar ku zuwa tsayin wayoyi.Idan jinkirin siginar akan layin watsawa yayi daidai da lokacin canjin siginar, yakamata a yi la'akari da matsalar ingancin siginar.Bugu da ƙari, don DSPs da yawa, agogo da siginar siginar bayanan topology shima zai shafi ingancin sigina da lokaci, wanda ke buƙatar kulawa.
44. Bugu da ƙari ga kayan aikin protel, akwai wasu kayan aiki masu kyau?
Dangane da kayan aikin, ban da PROTEL, akwai kayan aikin waya da yawa, kamar su MENTOR's WG2000, EN2000 series da powerpcb, Cadence's allegro, zuken's cadstar, cr5000, da dai sauransu, kowanne yana da nasa karfin.
45. Menene "hanyar dawowar sigina"?
Hanyar dawowar sigina, wato dawo da halin yanzu.Lokacin da aka watsa siginar dijital mai sauri, siginar yana gudana daga direban tare da layin watsa PCB zuwa kaya, sannan lodin ya dawo zuwa ƙarshen direban tare da ƙasa ko wutar lantarki ta hanya mafi guntu.
Wannan sigina na dawowa akan ƙasa ko samar da wutar lantarki ana kiran shi hanyar dawowar sigina.Dr.Johnson ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa cewa watsa sigina mai girma a haƙiƙa wani tsari ne na cajin ƙarfin wutar lantarki tsakanin layin watsawa da Layer DC.Abin da SI ke tantancewa shine kaddarorin lantarki na wannan katafaren da mahaɗin tsakanin su.
46. Yadda ake gudanar da bincike na SI akan masu haɗawa?
A cikin ƙayyadaddun IBIS3.2, akwai bayanin ƙirar haɗin haɗi.Gabaɗaya yi amfani da samfurin EBD.Idan allon na musamman ne, kamar jirgin baya, ana buƙatar samfurin SPICE.Hakanan zaka iya amfani da software na simintin allo (HYPERLYNX ko IS_multiboard).Lokacin gina tsarin allo da yawa, shigar da sigogin rarraba mahaɗan, waɗanda galibi ana samun su daga littafin mai haɗawa.Tabbas, wannan hanyar ba za ta kasance daidai ba, amma muddin tana cikin kewayon da aka yarda da ita.
47. Menene hanyoyin ƙarewa?
Ƙarshe (terminal), wanda kuma aka sani da matching.Gabaɗaya, bisa ga madaidaicin matsayi, an raba shi zuwa madaidaicin ƙarshen aiki da daidaitawar tasha.Daga cikin su, tushen matching gabaɗaya jerin matching ne na resistor, kuma matching tasha gabaɗaya daidai yake.Akwai hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da resistor pull-up, resistor pull-down, Thevenin matching, AC matching, da Schottky diode matching.
48. Waɗanne abubuwa ne ke ƙayyade hanyar ƙarewa (matching)?
Hanyar daidaitawa gabaɗaya an ƙaddara ta halayen BUFFER, yanayin topology, nau'ikan matakin da hanyoyin hukunci, kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da sake zagayowar aikin sigina da tsarin amfani da wutar lantarki.
49. Menene ka'idodin hanyar ƙarewa (matching)?
Mafi mahimmancin batu a cikin da'irori na dijital shine matsalar lokaci.Manufar ƙara daidaitawa shine don inganta siginar sigina da samun sigina mai ƙididdigewa a lokacin hukunci.Don matakan tasiri sigina, siginar siginar yana da ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin yanayin tabbatar da kafawa da kuma riƙe lokaci;don jinkirin ingantattun sigina, a ƙarƙashin yanayin tabbatar da jinkirin siginar guda ɗaya, saurin jinkirin canjin siginar ya dace da buƙatun.Akwai wasu abubuwa akan daidaitawa a cikin littafin samfurin Mentor ICX.
Bugu da ƙari, "High Speed Digital design a hand book of blackmagic" yana da wani babi da aka keɓe ga tashar tashar, wanda ke bayyana rawar da ya dace akan siginar siginar daga ka'idar igiyoyin lantarki, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don tunani.
50. Zan iya amfani da samfurin IBIS na na'urar don daidaita aikin tunani na na'urar?Idan ba haka ba, ta yaya za a iya yin kwatancen matakin allo da tsarin tsarin da'ira?
Samfuran IBIS ƙirar matakin ɗabi'a ne kuma ba za a iya amfani da su don kwaikwaiyon aiki ba.Don kwaikwaiyon aiki, ana buƙatar ƙirar SPICE ko wasu ƙirar matakin-tsari.
51. A cikin tsarin da dijital da analog tare, akwai hanyoyin sarrafawa guda biyu.Daya shine raba ƙasan dijital daga ƙasan analog.Ana haɗa beads, amma wutar lantarki ba ta rabu ba;ɗayan kuma shine cewa ana raba wutar lantarki ta analog da na dijital kuma an haɗa su da FB, kuma ƙasa ƙasa ce mai haɗin kai.Ina so in tambayi Malam Li, ko tasirin wadannan hanyoyi guda biyu iri daya ne?
Ya kamata a ce iri daya ne a ka'ida.Domin iko da ƙasa suna daidai da sigina masu girma.
Manufar bambancewa tsakanin sassan analog da dijital shine don hana tsangwama, galibi tsoma bakin da'irori na dijital zuwa da'irori na analog.Koyaya, rarrabuwa na iya haifar da hanyar dawowar siginar da ba ta cika ba, tana shafar ingancin siginar dijital kuma tana shafar ingancin EMC na tsarin.
Saboda haka, ko wane jirgin sama ya raba, ya dogara ne akan ko hanyar dawowar siginar ta kara girma da kuma yawan siginar dawowar ya shiga tsakani da siginar aiki na yau da kullum.Yanzu kuma akwai wasu nau'ikan ƙira, ba tare da la'akari da samar da wutar lantarki da ƙasa ba, lokacin da ake shimfidawa, ware shimfidar wuri da wayoyi gwargwadon ɓangaren dijital da ɓangaren analog don guje wa siginar yanki.
52. Dokokin tsaro: Menene takamaiman ma'anar FCC da EMC?
FCC: Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta Amurka
EMC: Daidaituwar karfin maganadisu na lantarki
FCC kungiya ce ta ma'auni, EMC ma'auni ne.Akwai madaidaitan dalilai, ma'auni da hanyoyin gwaji don ƙaddamar da ma'auni.
53. Menene bambancin rarraba?
Sigina daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu kuma ana kiransu sigina daban-daban, suna amfani da sigina iri ɗaya guda biyu, sigina masu gaba da juna don watsa tashoshi ɗaya na bayanai, kuma suna dogara da bambancin matakin sigina biyu don yanke hukunci.Domin tabbatar da cewa sigina biyu sun yi daidai da juna, dole ne a kiyaye su a layi daya yayin yin wayoyi, kuma faɗin layi da tazarar layi ba su canzawa.
54. Menene software na kwaikwayo na PCB?
Akwai nau'ikan simulation da yawa, babban saurin dijital siginar intigrity analysis simulation analysis (SI) software da aka saba amfani da su sune icx, signalvision, hyperlynx, XTK, spectraquest, da sauransu. Wasu kuma suna amfani da Hspice.
55. Ta yaya PCB simulation software ke yin LAYOUT kwaikwayo?
A cikin da'irar dijital mai sauri, don haɓaka ingancin siginar da rage wahalar wayoyi, ana amfani da allunan Layer Layer gabaɗaya don sanya masarrafan wuta na musamman da yadudduka na ƙasa.
56. Yadda ake mu'amala da shimfidawa da wayoyi don tabbatar da daidaiton sigina sama da 50M
Makullin siginar siginar dijital mai sauri shine don rage tasirin layin watsawa akan ingancin sigina.Don haka, tsarin sigina masu sauri sama da 100M yana buƙatar alamun siginar su kasance gajere gwargwadon yiwu.A cikin da'irori na dijital, ana siffanta sigina masu sauri ta hanyar jinkirin tashin sigina.Haka kuma, nau'ikan sigina daban-daban (kamar TTL, GTL, LVTTL) suna da hanyoyi daban-daban don tabbatar da ingancin sigina.
57. Bangaren RF na naúrar waje, tsaka-tsaki na mitar, har ma da ƙananan mitar da'irar da ke kula da sashin waje galibi ana tura su akan PCB iri ɗaya.Menene bukatun kayan irin wannan PCB?Yadda za a hana RF, IF har ma da ƙananan mitar da'irori daga tsoma baki tare da juna?
Ƙirƙirar da'ira mai haɗaka babbar matsala ce.Yana da wuya a sami cikakkiyar mafita.
Gabaɗaya, ana shimfiɗa da'irar mitar rediyo kuma ana yin waya a matsayin allo ɗaya mai zaman kansa a cikin tsarin, har ma akwai kogon garkuwa na musamman.Bugu da ƙari, da'irar RF gabaɗaya tana da gefe ɗaya ko mai gefe biyu, kuma kewayawar tana da ɗan sauƙi, duk waɗannan don rage tasirin tasirin rarrabawar da'irar RF da haɓaka daidaiton tsarin RF.
Idan aka kwatanta da kayan FR4 na gabaɗaya, allunan da'irar RF suna yin amfani da babban-Q substrates.Matsakaicin dielectric na wannan abu yana da ƙananan ƙananan, ƙarfin da aka rarraba na layin watsawa yana da ƙananan, rashin ƙarfi yana da girma, kuma jinkirin watsa siginar yana da ƙananan.A cikin ƙirar da'irar da'ira, kodayake RF da da'irori na dijital an gina su akan PCB iri ɗaya, gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa yankin da'ira na RF da yankin da'ira na dijital, waɗanda aka shimfida kuma an haɗa su daban.Yi amfani da ta hanyar ƙasa da akwatunan kariya tsakanin su.
58. Don ɓangaren RF, ɓangaren mitar matsakaici da ƙananan ɓangaren mitar ana tura su akan PCB iri ɗaya, menene mai ba da shawara?
Software na ƙirar matakin matakin allo na Mentor, ban da ainihin ayyukan ƙirar da'ira, kuma yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙirar ƙirar RF.A cikin tsarin ƙirar ƙirar RF, an samar da samfurin na'ura mai ma'ana, kuma an samar da haɗin kai tare da nazarin kewayawa na RF da kayan aikin kwaikwayo kamar EESOFT;a cikin tsarin RF LAYOUT, an samar da aikin gyaran ƙirar ƙira da aka yi amfani da shi musamman don shimfidar kewayon RF da wayoyi, kuma akwai kuma hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyi biyu na nazarin kewayawar RF da kayan aikin kwaikwayo kamar EESOFT na iya jujjuya-lakabin sakamakon bincike kwaikwaiyo koma ga tsari zane da PCB.
A lokaci guda, yin amfani da aikin sarrafa ƙira na software na Mentor, sake amfani da ƙira, ƙira ƙira, da ƙirar haɗin gwiwa za a iya samun sauƙin ganewa.Ƙarfafa haɓaka tsarin ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar matasan.Allon wayar hannu nau'in ƙira ce mai gauraya, kuma yawancin manyan masana'antun ƙirar wayar hannu suna amfani da Mentor da Angelon's eesoft azaman dandalin ƙira.
59. Menene tsarin samfurin Mentor?
Kayan aikin PCB na Mentor Graphics sun haɗa da jerin WG (wanda aka fi sani da gaske) da jerin Enterprise (boardstation).
60. Ta yaya software na ƙirar PCB na Mentor ke tallafawa BGA, PGA, COB da sauran fakiti?
Mentor's autoactive RE, wanda aka haɓaka daga siyan Veribest, shine farkon masana'antar mara igiyar ruwa, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.Kamar yadda kowa ya sani, don tsararrun grid ball, na'urorin COB, gridless, da kowane nau'in hanyoyin zirga-zirgar kusurwoyi sune mabuɗin don warware ƙimar kwatance.A cikin sabuwar autoactive RE, an ƙara ayyuka kamar tura ta hanyar turawa, foil na jan karfe, REROUTE, da sauransu don ƙara dacewa da amfani.Bugu da ƙari, yana goyan bayan ƙaddamar da sauri mai sauri, ciki har da siginar sigina da nau'i mai ban sha'awa tare da buƙatun jinkirta lokaci.
61. Ta yaya software na ƙirar PCB na Mentor ke tafiyar da nau'i-nau'i na layin daban?
Bayan software mai jagoranci tana bayyana kaddarorin biyu, za a iya ci gaba biyu daban-daban tare, da layin fadiwa da kuma tsawon bambance bambance ne tabbatacce.Ana iya raba su ta atomatik lokacin fuskantar cikas, kuma za'a iya zaɓar hanyar ta hanyar lokacin canza yadudduka.
62. A kan 12-Layer PCB board, akwai nau'ikan samar da wutar lantarki guda uku 2.2v, 3.3v, 5v, kuma kowane ɗayan wutar lantarki guda uku yana kan Layer ɗaya.Yadda za a magance da ƙasa waya?
Gabaɗaya magana, ana shirya kayan wutar lantarki guda uku akan bene na uku, wanda ya fi dacewa da ingancin sigina.Domin yana da wuya a raba siginar a cikin layin jirgin sama.Tsare-tsare muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar ingancin sigina wanda gabaɗaya software ke yin watsi da shi.Don jiragen wutar lantarki da na ƙasa, yana daidai da sigina masu girma.A aikace, ban da la'akari da ingancin siginar, haɗin gwiwar jirgin sama mai ƙarfi (amfani da jirgin ƙasa da ke kusa da shi don rage ƙarfin AC na jirgin sama) da ma'auni na stacking duk abubuwan da ke buƙatar la'akari.
63. Yadda za a duba ko PCB ya cika ka'idodin tsarin ƙira lokacin da ya bar masana'anta?
Yawancin masana'antun PCB dole ne su shiga gwajin ci gaba na hanyar sadarwa na wutar lantarki kafin a kammala sarrafa PCB don tabbatar da cewa duk haɗin kai daidai ne.A lokaci guda kuma, masana'antun da yawa suna amfani da gwajin x-ray don bincika wasu kurakurai yayin etching ko lamination.
Don kammala aikin bayan faci, ana amfani da gwajin gwajin ICT gabaɗaya, wanda ke buƙatar ƙara maki gwajin ICT yayin ƙirar PCB.Idan an sami matsala, ana kuma iya amfani da na'urar bincikar X-ray na musamman don tantance ko an samu matsala ta hanyar sarrafawa.
64. Shin "kare na'urar" kariya ce ta casing?
Ee.Rubutun ya kamata ya zama mai matsewa gwargwadon yuwuwa, yi amfani da ƙasa ko babu kayan aiki, kuma a yi ƙasa gwargwadon iko.
65. Shin wajibi ne a yi la'akari da matsalar esd na guntu kanta lokacin zabar guntu?
Ko yana da katako mai nau'i biyu ko na'ura mai nau'i-nau'i mai yawa, ya kamata a kara yawan yanki na ƙasa kamar yadda zai yiwu.Lokacin zabar guntu, yakamata a yi la'akari da halayen ESD na guntu kanta.An ambaci waɗannan gabaɗaya a cikin bayanin guntu, har ma da aikin guntu ɗaya daga masana'antun daban-daban zai bambanta.
Bayar da hankali ga ƙira kuma la'akari da shi sosai, kuma za a ba da garantin aikin na'ura mai mahimmanci zuwa wani matsayi.Amma matsalar ESD na iya bayyana har yanzu, don haka kariyar ƙungiyar ma tana da matukar muhimmanci ga kariyar ESD.
66. Lokacin yin allon pcb, don rage tsangwama, ya kamata waya ta ƙasa ta zama rufaffiyar tsari?
Lokacin yin allunan PCB, gabaɗaya magana, wajibi ne don rage yankin madauki don rage tsangwama.Lokacin da aka shimfiɗa waya na ƙasa, bai kamata a sanya shi a cikin rufaffiyar tsari ba, amma a cikin siffar dendritic.Yankin duniya.
67. Idan emulator yayi amfani da wutar lantarki guda ɗaya kuma allon pcb yana amfani da wutar lantarki guda ɗaya, yakamata a haɗa filayen wutar lantarki guda biyu tare?
Zai fi kyau idan za a iya amfani da wutar lantarki daban, saboda ba shi da sauƙi don haifar da tsangwama tsakanin wutar lantarki, amma yawancin kayan aiki suna da takamaiman buƙatu.Tun da kwaikwayi da hukumar PCB suna amfani da wutar lantarki guda biyu, ba na jin ya kamata su raba ƙasa ɗaya.
68. A kewaye yana kunshe da allon pcb da yawa.Ya kamata su raba ƙasa?
Da'irar ta ƙunshi PCB da yawa, yawancinsu suna buƙatar haɗin kai, saboda ba shi da amfani a yi amfani da kayan wuta da yawa a cikin da'ira ɗaya.Amma idan kuna da takamaiman yanayi, zaku iya amfani da wutar lantarki daban-daban, ba shakka tsangwama zai zama ƙarami.
69. Zana samfurin hannu tare da LCD da harsashi na ƙarfe.Lokacin gwada ESD, ba zai iya wuce gwajin ICE-1000-4-2 ba, CONTACT na iya wuce 1100V kawai, kuma AIR na iya wuce 6000V.A cikin gwajin haɗakarwa na ESD, a kwance na iya wuce 3000V kawai, kuma na tsaye zai iya wuce 4000V.Mitar CPU shine 33MHZ.Shin akwai wata hanya ta wuce gwajin ESD?
Kayayyakin hannu sune casings na ƙarfe, don haka dole ne matsalolin ESD su kasance a bayyane, kuma LCDs na iya samun ƙarin abubuwan ban mamaki.Idan babu wata hanyar da za a canza kayan ƙarfe na yanzu, ana bada shawara don ƙara kayan anti-lantarki a cikin injin don ƙarfafa ƙasa na PCB, kuma a lokaci guda nemo hanyar ƙasa LCD.Tabbas, yadda ake yin aiki ya dogara da takamaiman yanayi.
70. Lokacin zayyana tsarin da ya ƙunshi DSP da PLD, wadanne al'amura ya kamata a yi la'akari da ESD?
Dangane da tsarin gaba ɗaya, ya kamata a yi la'akari da sassan da ke hulɗar kai tsaye da jikin ɗan adam, kuma a ba da kariya da ta dace akan kewayawa da injina.Dangane da irin tasirin ESD zai yi akan tsarin, ya dogara da yanayi daban-daban.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 19-2023